Captures of MFO-resistant Cydia pomonella adults as affected by lure, crop management system and flight.

The main resistance mechanism of codling moth (Cydia pomonella) in the tree fruit area of Lleida (NE Spain) is multifunction oxidases (MFO). We studied the frequency of MFO-resistant adults captured by different lures, with and without pear ester, and flights in orchards under different crop management systems. The factor year affected codling moth MFO-resistance level, particularly in the untreated orchards, highlighting the great influence of codling moth migration on the spread of resistance in field populations. Chemical treatments and adult flight were also very important but mating disruption technique showed no influence. The second adult flight showed the highest frequency, followed by the first flight and the third flight. In untreated orchards, there were no significant differences in the frequency of MFO-resistant individuals attracted by Combo and BioLure. Red septa lures baited with pear ester (DA) captured sufficient insects only in the first generation of 2010, obtaining a significantly lower proportion of MFO-resistant adults than Combo and BioLure. In the chemically treated orchards, in 2009 BioLure caught a significantly lower proportion of MFO-resistant adults than Combo during the first and third flight, and also than DA during the first flight. No significant differences were found between the lures or flights in 2010. These results cannot support the idea of a higher attractiveness of the pear ester for MFO-resistant adults in the field but do suggest a high influence of the response to the attractant depending on the management of the orchard, particularly with regard to the use of chemical insecticides.

Comparison of lures loaded with codlemone and pear ester for capturing codling moths, Cydia pomonella, in apple and pear orchards using mating disruption.

Abstract Studies were conducted in apple, Malus domestica Borkhausen and pear, Pyrus communis L. (Rosales: Rosaceae), orchards to evaluate the attractiveness of grey halobutyl septa loaded with 1 (L2) and 10 (Mega) mg of codlemone, 8E, 10E-dodecadien-1-ol, 3 mg of pear ester, ethyl (E,Z)-2,4-decadienoate (DA2313), and 3 mg of pear ester plus 3 mg of codlemone (Combo) to adult codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). All studies were conducted in orchards treated with pheromone mating disruption. All four lures were tested on diamond-shaped sticky traps placed in 60 plots of apple and 40 plots of pears in 2003/04, and in 62 plots of apples and 30 of pears in 2004–05. Combo lures attracted significantly more moths (males + females) than all the others in both years. Comparisons among flights showed significant differences mainly for flight 1 and 2, but not always for flight 3. Mega lures provided no significant improvement compared with L2 lures during both seasons regarding the total number of moths. Combo and DA2313 lures attracted fewer females than males during the whole season. For most sample dates, more virgin than mated females were attracted to Combo lures, except during the third flight, and the overall ratio was 60:40, although the difference was not statistically significant. We conclude that the Combo lures are better indicators of codling moth activity in pheromone treated orchards, regardless of pest population level, when compared with similar lures containing codlemone or pear ester alone.

Synthesis of phenoxyphenyl pyridine and pyrazine carboxamides. Activity against Cydia pomonella (L.) eggs.

Several N-(4-phenoxyphenyl)pyridinecarboxamides and N-(4-phenoxyphenyl)pyrazinecarboxamides were synthesized from commercially available material, and their ovicidal activities against Cydia pomonella (L.) were tested. Some of the tested products showed a moderate activity when <24-h-old eggs were sprayed using a Potter tower. A significant increase in the length of the development period of the eggs was also observed in many cases. A clear correlation between both effects was noticed: the products that produced higher mortality also produced higher increase of the length of the development. These results seem to confirm our hypothesis that these compounds could be defined as a juvenile hormone analogues.

Insecticidal activity of Maytenus species (Celastraceae) nortriterpene quinone methides against codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: tortricidae).

The insecticidal effects of nortriterpene quinone methides (pristimerin, tingenonee, and 20-alpha-hydroxytingenone) are reported for the first time. The natural products were isolated from Maytenus sp. (Celastraceae) and their effects tested on larvae of codling moth (Cydia pomonella, Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). The three metabolites produce the same effects on codling moth larvae that azadirachtin does, although at higher concentrations. 20-alpha-Hydroxytingenone was the most active compound, showing lethal, antifeedant, and insect growth regulation activities. Pristimerin showed also a high antifeedant activity together with its molt effect suppression. Tingenone showed the lowest activity. The differences in the activity of the three products are related to the structure of the E ring.

Sialyl Lewis(x) analog improves liver function by decreasing neutrophil migration after hemorrhagic shock.

BACKGROUND: Little is known about the changes in the hepatic microcirculation and the leukocyte-endothelial adhesion processes during the early reperfusion period after resuscitation in hemorrhagic shock. P-selectin and its natural ligand Sialyl Lewis(x) (SLe(x)) are involved in the early stages of reperfusion events leading to neutrophil migration. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the administration of CY-1503 [corrected], a synthetic SLe(x) analog, in the liver inflammatory response and neutrophil migration after hemorrhagic shock. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Rats, each weighing 275 to 300 grams, were subjected to 60 minutes of pressure controlled hemorrhagic shock. After this period, animals were resuscitated according to the following protocol: shed blood was reinfused to equal 50% of the total volume bled, and the other 50% was replaced with 3x volume of Ringer's lactated solution. Animals were divided into sham and two study groups to receive vehicle (controls) and CY-1503 [corrected] (10 mg/kg intravenously) diluted in 1 mL of normal saline 45 minutes after initiating hemorrhagic shock. The following parameters were analyzed: 7-day survival, liver injury tests, liver tissue myeloperoxidase as an index of neutrophil infiltration, and liver histology. RESULTS: Survival was significantly increased from 48% in the controls to 90% in the CY-1503 [corrected] treated group. Animals treated with the SLe(x) analog showed significantly better mean arterial blood pressure after 15 minutes after resuscitation. Also, the treated group showed a marked decrease in liver enzymes levels at 5 minutes and 4 hours after reperfusion. Neutrophil migration was significantly ameliorated as reflected by decreased myeloperoxidase levels in the SLe(x) analog treated group. Furthermore, we observed improved histologic damage scores in the treated group when compared with controls. CONCLUSIONS: The SLe(x) analog, CY-1503 [corrected], had a protective effect in ischemic livers by decreasing neutrophil migration after hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation. This protective effect also resulted in improved survival and mean arterial blood pressure after resuscitation.

Anemia of chronic renal failure: treatment with erythropoietin.

Twenty-three anemic children with end-stage renal failure (ESRD), aged 0.1-19.0 years (X +/- SD, 8.3 +/- 5.7 years), were treated with intravenous recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO). Eleven were on conservative treatment and their estimated glomerular filtration rate (EGFR) was 11.8 +/- 3.8 ml/min/1.73 m2; 7 were on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) and 5 on chronic hemodialysis. rHuEPO was given once a week in predialysis and CAPD children and thrice weekly in patients on hemodialysis. The initial dose of 50 U/kg/week was increased gradually up to a target hemoglobin of 10-12 g/dl. After 4.3 +/- 1.3 months of treatment, hemoglobin increased from 7.4 +/- 1.3 to 10.7 +/- 1.4 g/dl (p less than 0.001). An hemoglobin concentration of 11.4 +/- 0.9 g/dl was maintained with a rHuEPO dose of 289 +/- 86 U/kg/week. The response was similar in predialysis, CAPD, and hemodialysis children. No change in renal function was observed in predialysis children, EGFR being 11.8 +/- 3.8 and 10.8 +/- 1.7 ml/min/1.73 m2, before and after rHuEPO therapy. All children improved appetite, physical activity, and the sense of well-being. Four developed mild hypertension that was easily controlled with antihypertensive therapy. Heparin dose had to be increased during the hemodialysis sessions to avoid clotting of the filter. Serum calcium increased from 9.9 +/- 0.9 to 10.5 +/- 0.9 mg/dl (p less than 0.001). Serum aluminium levels also increased from 65 +/- 17 to 100 +/- 15 micrograms/l, p less than 0.01. A linear correlation (r = 0.58, p less than 0.01) between aluminium levels and rHuEPO dose was found.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)