ABSTRACT
The avoidance of food(s) is the main therapeutic approach to food allergy. Nevertheless, orally- or sublingually-administered food allergens have gained attention and a number of food-allergic children can tolerate gradually increasing amounts of cow's milk and hen's egg. Our purpose is to show that oral desensitisation with food is an allergen-specific therapeutic approach and for this, we describe 4 illustrative children with IgE-mediated food allergy. The first was allergic to cow's milk and hen's egg, the second to cow's milk, hen's egg and fish. Both underwent oral desensitisation to both cow's milk and hen's egg. The third child was allergic to cow's milk, hen's egg and fish and underwent oral desensitisation with cow's milk. The last child was allergic to raw but not to cooked/boiled hen's egg and underwent the oral desensitisation with hen's egg. The first 2 children reached the clinical tolerance to cow's milk after the cow's milk oral desensitisation, but reached the hen's egg tolerance only after the hen's egg oral desensitisation. Moreover, the second child did not tolerate fish after being desensitised to both cow's milk and hen's egg. The third child tolerated cow's milk, but not hen's egg and fish, at the end of the cow's milk oral desensitisation. The fourth child could tolerate the previously not tolerated raw hen's egg after the oral desensitisation with raw hen's egg. In conclusion, we indicate that oral desensitisation with food is allergen specific. The induction of the clinical tolerance to one food is not followed by the tolerance to the other food(s) that the patient is allergic to. To obtain a double or multiple food tolerance, separate desensitisation protocols, one for each food, have to be carried out. Oral desensitisation with food discriminates between raw and cooked proteins.
Subject(s)
Allergens/immunology , Desensitization, Immunologic/methods , Dietary Proteins/immunology , Food Hypersensitivity/therapy , Food , Adolescent , Child , Corylus/immunology , Diet Therapy , Double-Blind Method , Egg Hypersensitivity/immunology , Female , Fluorescence Polarization Immunoassay , Food Hypersensitivity/drug therapy , Humans , Hypersensitivity, Immediate/therapy , Immunoglobulin E/immunology , Male , Milk Hypersensitivity/immunology , Peanut Hypersensitivity/immunology , Skin Tests , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
Recent studies have indicated that Toll-like receptor polymorphisms or their impaired signalling, specifically TLR-2 and TLR-4, were correlated with a higher risk for allergy. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the associations of TRL-2 and TRL-4 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) and atopic traits in a cohort of 159 Italian allergic children (102 affected by eczema and 57 by IgE-mediated food allergy) and 147 healthy controls recruited in Rome, Italy. DNA was isolated from the peripheral blood and TLR-2 R753Q/TLR-4 D299G polymorphisms were determined by TaqMan MGB probes using Real-Time PCR technique. In the control group, the TLR-2 polymorphism R753Q had a prevalence of 2.5% while the frequency of the TLR-4 D299G was 12%. None of the 159 allergic patients showed the R753Q SNP. By contrast, 7/57 patients with food allergy (12%) and 6/102 subjects with eczema (6%) carried the TLR-4 mutation. In our cohort, no evidence of correlation between TLR-2 or TLR-4 polymorphism and eczema and food allergy incidence and/or severity was found. Further studies are needed to clarify the possible role of TLR-2 and TLR-4 polymorphism in allergic disease, in Italian children.
Subject(s)
Eczema/genetics , Food Hypersensitivity/genetics , Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide , Toll-Like Receptor 2/genetics , Toll-Like Receptor 4/genetics , Adolescent , Child , Child, Preschool , Cohort Studies , Female , Humans , Infant , MaleABSTRACT
Clinical efficacy of sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) has been investigated during the last 20 years and results of several meta-analyses are available, showing clinical efficacy of SLIT in children both in allergic asthma and in rhinitis, but strict recommendations are not possible under current evidence. Minimum age for starting SLIT is not clearly defined but several position paper and guidelines indicate a lower limit of 5 years of age. Guidelines on allergic rhinitis suggests SLIT in patients not well controlled with drugs or those who refuse to use drugs. Additional effects are prevention of new sensitizations (evidence IIa) and prevention of asthma in patients with allergic rhinitis (evidence I b). Studies on efficacy of SLIT in asthmatic children are discordant, but the different relevance of allergic and non allergic triggers of symptoms could explain the discordant results obtained in studies on SLIT and asthma, particularly when pooling short and long term studies. Data on efficacy and safety of SLIT are accruing for atopic dermatitis, food allergy and latex allergy, but at the current state of knowledge, SLIT remains an approach reserved to research, and no recommendations can be established. Some studies demonstrate that SLIT is safe in children below 5 years of age, with a lower limit of 3 years.
