Mapping the landscape of Consumer Food Waste.

Since 2015 there has been a surge of academic publications and citations focused on consumer food waste. To introduce a special issue of Appetite focused on the drivers of consumer food waste we perform a transdisciplinary and historical review of the literature through a co-citation network analysis and topic modelling approach. We show that the rapid increase in publications is largely attributable to an urgency caused by the Sustainable Development Goals and climate change. Topic modelling reveals that the dramatic quantitative increase of publications has also produced a variety of evolving themes, and that a metaphorical Cambrian Explosion is occurring after decades of academic inactivity. Network analysis results show that consumer food waste features in thousands of articles and hundreds of journals, but that the citation practices of academics are becoming highly concentrated, as 20% of journals attract over 80% of citations. Finally, by examining the burstiness and transdisciplinary structure of citation networks we show that though the field has historically been dominated by empirical articles, it is now starting to show signs of maturity as a flurry of review papers help to consolidate knowledge.

[Modern aspects of diagnostics of bacterial endocarditis].

Modern approaches to diagnostics of infective endocarditis (IE) are considered in the article. Possibilities for detection of the disease provided by various diagnostic criteria are analyzed. The authors demonstrate the advantages of improved criteria and present the diagnostic signs of subacute endocarditis in congenital heart diseases, artificial valve IE, and IE in drug addicts. Differential diagnostics issues are covered as well.

[The features of the clinical course of modern infective endocarditis].

The article considers the peculiarities of the development and clinical course of contemporary infective endocarditis (IE). The prevalence of various infective pathogens causing IE over the last decades is analyzed. Modern concepts of the pathogenesis of the disease are covered. The rate of IE complication is analyzed.

Investigation of five cases of vesicular enteroviral stomatitis with exanthema induced by coxsackie A5 virus.

Five cases of vesicular enteroviral stomatitis with exanthema or hand-foot-mouth disease are described. The diagnosis was based on the clinical aspect, the Coxsackie A5 virus isolation from pathological samples, and confirmed by serological tests.

[The incidence of HBsAg in different population groups of Moldavia in 1991 compared to 1973]. / Incidence de l'AgHBs dans différents groupes de population de Moldavie en 1991 par rapport à 1973.

AgHBs incidence in various population groups from the Iasi region was relatively high in 1991, ranging from 3.8% in blood donors to 75.0% in patients with severe acute virus hepatitis. As compared to the incidence values recorded in 1973, 18 years ago, in the population of the same territory, some mutations were observed, the most important being the more then threefold reduction of the AgHBs incidence in blood donors. In subjects with liver diseases and in risk groups, the frequency of AgHBs carriers maintains at a high level.

[Incidence of HBsAg among different population groups in Moldavia in 1991 compared with 1973]. / Incidence de l'AgHBs dans différents groupes de population de Moldavie en 1991 par rapport à 1973.

AgHBs incidence in various population groups from the Iassy region was relatively high in 1991, ranging from 3.8% in blood donors to 75.0% in patients with severe acute virus hepatitis. As compared to the incidence values recorded in 1973, 18 years ago, in the population of the same territory, some mutations were observed, the most important being the more then threefold reduction of the AgHBs incidence in blood donors. In subjects with liver diseases and in risk groups, the frequency of AgHBs carriers maintains at a high level.

[The use of cell cultures in the cytotoxicity testing of dental materials]. / Utilizarea culturilor celulare pentru testarea citotoxicitatii unor materiale de uz stomatologic.

On lines of human (HeLa) and monkey (BS-C-1) cell cultures, the cytotoxicity of 15 products of dental use for radicular and coronary fillings, alloys and endodontic antiseptics was analysed. It was found that the simplified method can be used, together with the in vivo and in vitro tests recommended by I.S.O., for determining the bioavailability of dental products.

Studies of bacterial, rotaviral and Cryptosporidium etiology of acute diarrheal diseases in hospitalized children.

657 hospitalized children with acute diarrheal disease were studied for bacterial and rotaviral etiology. Cryptosporidium presence was followed in 123 children. Intestinal pathogens were detected in 195 (29.6%) cases: 132 (20.3%) enterobacteria, 47 (7.1%) rotaviruses, 4 (3.2%) Cryptosporidium sp. and 12 (1.8%) combined infections. Among enterobacteria, E. coli was the most frequent (10% cases) with enteropathogenic (EPEC), enterotoxigenic (ETEC), enterohemorrhagic (EHEC) and enteroinvasive (EIEC) groups. Other isolated pathogens were Salmonella--21 (3.1%), C. jejuni/coli--13 (1.9%), Shigella--3 (0.9%), Y. enterocolitica O3--1 (0.1%). Among opportunistic pathogenic enterobacteria, the following were isolated: Kl. pneumoniae--24 (3.7%), Enterobacter species--4 (0.6%), Providencia alcalifaciens--1 (0.1%). Aeromonas hydrophila was isolated in 1 child. Combined infections were detected in 12 children: 10--enterobacteria + rotaviruses associations and 2--pathogenic enterobacteria associations.

[The presence of enterovirus in species of shellfish and fish]. / Entérovirus présents sur quelques espèces de coquillages et de poissons.

Enteroviruses were isolated from 12% of the digestive tract samples collected from Anodonta cygnea (9.4%) and Dreysena polymorpha (13.2%) shell species and from 8.4% of the branchiae sample from fish species Rutilus rutilus, Perca fluviatilis and Silurus glanis. The isolated belonged to the following antigenic types: ECHO 2 and 7, Coxsackie B 2, 4 and 6, and poliovirus 1 and 2.

[Virologic research on the quality of 2 sources of drinking water from zone "I"]. / Investigations virologiques sur la qualité de deux sources d'eau potable de la zone "I".

Enteroviruses were isolated from 4.6% out of the examined tap water samples. No relation could be established between viral pollution and classic quality indexes of water.

[Presence of the rotavirus antigen in newborn infants at maternity hospitals in Moldavia]. / Présence de l'antigène rotaviral de groupe chez des nouveau-nés des maternités de Moldavie.

Studies conducted on 417 feces samples collected from newborn infants from seven maternity homes revealed the presence of rotavirus in 1.2 to 9.5% of the subjects. The infants get infection during the first 24 to 48 hours of life (1.8%) and the positivity rate reaches a peak the 7th day (9.7%). Enteroviruses were found in 3.4% and enterobacteria in 11.8% of the samples.

[Mixed viral-bacterial infections in infants with gastroenteritis]. / Infections mixtes virobactériennes chez des enfants atteints de gastro-entérite.

Fecal specimens from 84 children with gastroenteritis were submitted to virological and bacteriological analysis. Enteroviruses other than poliovirus were found in 8.3%, rotavirus in 4.8% and enterobacteria in 1.9% of the investigated subjects. Mixed infections were detected in 8.4% of the cases.

[Detection of the rotavirus group antigen by a screening test using the ELISA-IC kit in subjects with acute gastroenteritis, at the pediatric services of Moldavia]. / Détection de l'antigène rotaviral de groupe par le test de screening à l'aide de la trousse ELISA-IC chez des sujets atteints de gastro-entérite aiguë, des services de pédiatrie de Moldavie.

The rotaviral antigen was detected by a screening test using the ELISA-IC kit in 17.6% out of 415 children with acute gastroenteritis. The highest frequency (28.9%) was found in children hospitalized in pediatric services with a diagnosis of diarrhoeic disease associated to acute respiratory infection. The rotavirus infection incidence was about three times higher during the cold season than during summer (30.4% versus 10.5%). The 6-11 month age group was the most severely affected.

[Risk of transmission of enterovirus from the surface of toilets]. / Investigations concernant les risques de transmission des entérovirus par l'intermédiaire des surfaces des cabinets.

Experimental studies using dyes and microbial agents as indicators showed that a viral contamination of the various surfaces of the water closets is possible through the droplets formed when one flushes the W.C. pan. An investigation conducted in several public water closets allowed to reveal the presence of enteroviruses in 2.8% to 5.8% of the samples collected from various surfaces of the water closets. The results of the investigations showed that the hinged seats were contaminated the most frequently (6.8% of the samples).

Surveillance of enterovirus circulation in children communities.

In three children communities covered by a virological study enteroviruses could be isolated from 19.3% of the stool samples, 52.3% of the sewage samples and 9.7% of the samples taken from different objects and surfaces. The isolates belonged to 14 enterovirus serotypes, Coxsackie viruses being predominant. There was a good concordance between the serotypes of enteroviruses shed in the stools and those isolated from the environment. The high epidemiological potential of enteroviruses calls for a surveillance of their circulation in children communities, preferably by the virological monitoring of sewage.