[New transplantable brain gliomas in rats]. / Novye perevivaemye gliomy golovnogo mozga krys.

The paper provides the characteristics of 11 original transplanted rat brain gliomas that are part of the collection of experimental tumors of the nervous system, which has been developed at the Institute of Human Morphology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences. The biological features of brain tumour strains, methods of their transplantation and cryoconservation are outlined in the paper.

[Comparative characteristics of deficiency and excess of the same trace element (as exemplified by nickel)]. / Sravnitel'naia kharakteristika odnoimennykh gipo- i gipermikroélementozov (na primere nikelezov).

General rules of biological effects of essential trace elements in human and animal body are discussed as illustrated by nickel model. Their action depends on the dose and duration of exposition. 5 levels of their action depending on the elements concentration in the body are distinguished. Pathology of low and high content of the same element in spite of the contrast of these conditions has certain similarity in the coincidence of the target organs and some pathological manifestations.

[New data on the epidemiology and morphology of Viliuisk encephalomyelitis]. / Novye dannye k épidemiologii i morfologii Viliuiskogo éntsefalomielita.

Viliuisk encephalomyelitis (VEM) appears to be endemic disease, affecting native population in Yakutia (Yakut, Even, Evenk). The infectious nature of VEM is very likely, but not yet established with certainty. The mortality rate caused by VEM from 1950 to 1990 was 17.4 per 10000 of native population. The maximum morbidity can be seen in Viliui and Central zones of Yakutia. Women were affected one and a half times more than men. VEM is characterized by multiple micronecrotic foci with marked inflammatory reactions and gliosis in the brain tissue. The vascular component in VEM is manifested by vasculitis, plasmarhagies, obliteration of the capillary lumen with development of capillarofibrosis, progressive reduction of the microcirculatory bed, the deformation of walls in major vessels with atrophy of their muscular layer, in some cases--by hyaline thrombi. The data presented give no grounds to consider the vascular component as secondary, relating only to the brain atrophy.

[New information on the histopathology of Vilyui encephalomyelitis: possible role of copper deficiency]. / Novye materialy po gistopatologii Viliuiskogo éntsefalomielita: vozmozhnaia rol defitsita medi.

The nature of a pathological process in the central nervous system in Vilyui encephalomyelitis defines it as a specific entity of demyelinative encephalomyelitis with a drastic prevalence of an alternative component. The bulk of the nerve parenchyma dies from circulatory incompetence due to blood vascular diseases, which are typical of the disease, as a peculiar angiopathy and progressive reduction in the microcirculatory bed. Homeostatic disorders in the myelinic membranes of central nervous fibers were found to be of value. The maintenance of homeostasis is implicated by adequate oligodendroglial function and copper metabolism. The inhabitants of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) are demonstrated to have oligodendroglial hypoplasia and exogenous and endogenous copper deficiency. This is suggested by low copper amounts in the natural environmental objects and in the hair of patients with chronic Vilyui encephalomyelitis.

[Biological bases of neuro-oncology]. / Biologicheskie osnovy neiroonkologii.

The paper discusses the current status of the problem in brain tumor biotherapy. It provides strong evidence for potentialities of hormonal therapy and presents current experimental findings of the application of other brain tumor biotherapies: immune (vector and adaptive), genic and differential.

[Pathology of experimental hypocobaltosis in goats]. / Patologicheskaia anatomiia éksperimental'nogo gipokobal'toza u koz.

Histological changes in chronic experimental hypocobaltosis manifest as atrophic-degenerative alterations and restructuring of endocrine organs as well as a decrease in systemic resistance (accidental transformation of the thymus, duodenitis and sigmoiditis in some animals). Pronounced fat hepatosis and signs of iron metabolism damage (cheilitis, spleen siderosis) are found as well.

[The basic features of the pathogenesis of pseudotuberculosis (yersiniosis)]. / Osnovnye cherty patogeneza psevdotuberkuleza (iersinioza).

A new pathogenetic pattern of pseudotuberculosis has been derived on the basis of original clinical, anatomical and experimental findings as well as literature data. Careful consideration is given to: a basic mode of infection (alimentary), emergence of the primary affection with a rapid blood invasion by the agent (primary bacteremia), development of specific sensitization, multiorgan secondary focal impairment with lymphogenic dissemination of the infective agent (specific pseudotuberculous polyadenitis), formation of secondary immunodeficiency, consequent repeat bacteremias, recurrences, symptoms of infectious process aggravations, immunological rearrangement with dominating delayed hypersensitivity. As a rule, the disease terminated by elimination of the secondary foci and recovery.

[The pathological anatomy of HIV infection based on the data from serologically verified cases]. / Patologicheskaia anatomiia VICh-infektsii po dannym serologicheski verifitsirovannykh nabliudenii.

Pathology of 4 cases of serologically verified HIV infection is described. In 3 cases the disease developed against the background of previous pathologic processes that in one way or another influenced the pathologic picture. Only general characteristics of the HIV pathology are given in this report obtained by routine methods. Detailed investigation of changes in different organs and systems will be continued. Morphological signs of the immunodeficiency manifesting mainly in more or less atrophy of lymphoid tissue were found in all cases examined. Though features specific for HIV infection are not established in the literature, the complex of the above changes allows one to suspect HIV infection and in case of serologic confirmation to formulate a pathologic diagnosis. The 4th case can be regarded as an earlier stage of HIV infection as well as an example of a therapeutically produced pathomorphosis.

[An insufficiency of essential trace elements and its manifestations in pathology]. / Nedostatochnost' éssentsial'nykh mikroélementov i ee proiavleniia v patologii.

There exist 11 essential elements (iron, copper, iodine, zinc, chromium, cobalt, molybdenum, manganese, nickel, selenium and fluorine) vitally important for human health. The deficiency of these trace elements results in many pathological processes, including such world-wide human diseases, as iron-deficient anemias and other forms of hyposiderosis, endemic hypothyroid goiter, endemic fluorine deficiency states, particularly manifested by dental caries in children and osteoporosis of the advanced age. Selenium deficiency causes endemic cardiopathy in China, is a risk factor for the development and severe course of congestive cardiopathies, as well as myocardial infarction in a number of European countries. Correction of selenium deficiency with sodium selenite reduced to the minimum the mortality rate from endemic cardiopathy in China (Keshan disease) and had a favourable effect on other forms of cardiovascular pathology. Essential trace element deficiency results in many forms of embryonal and fetal pathology and decreases the antitumour resistance in man. New essential trace elements are still being identified and their number reached 19 at present. Development of pathological anatomy of essential trace element deficiency is an important task of modern medicine.

[A new cell line of rat gasserian ganglion neurinoma NGUK-1]. / Novaia kletochnaia liniia nevrinomy gasserova uzla krysy NGUK-1.

A new cell line has been derived from the rat gasserian ganglion neurinoma NGUK-1 induced by transplacental administration of ethylnitrosourea. It is characterized by an astrocyte-like growth pattern at the low cell density, and by an epitheliocyte-like pattern in the confluent monolayer. The cell line displays a high proliferative activity, its maximum mitotic index and proliferative pool being--2.5 and 96%, respectively. The chromosome number ranges between 20 to 100. The chromosome modal number is 39--44. The new cell line has been used for the express diagnostic of rabies, for determination of serum glial toxicity in neurologic patients, and interferon titration.

[Visceral candidiasis in conjunction with "marked eosinophilia" in acute opisthorchiasis]. / Vistseral'nyí kandidoz v sochetanii s sindromom "bol'shoí éozinofilii" pri ostrom opistorkhoze.

A male of 31 has developed a marked eosinophilia associated with acute opisthorchiasis. The following heavy antibiotic treatment led to candidiasis of the liver, pancreas and lymph nodes. The study covered pathomorphology of the liver granulomatous inflammation which ran with formation of the specific crystalloid structures attributed to extensive eosinophilic decomposition. The reaction to immunoglobulins is proposed as an elective marked of pathogenic fungi in tissues.

[Cellular homeostasis and trace elements]. / Kletochnyi gomeostaz i mikroélementy.

The authors consider the relevance of essential and toxic elements to the maintenance and derangement of cellular homeostasis, review different routes of their introduction in and release from varying cell types as well as relationships with specific ligands, distribution by intracellular pools. Presented are also morphological data on trace elements accumulation in cell, organs and compartments. A number of trace elements contributed to mutagenesis and carcinogenesis while the others demonstrate anticarcinogenic and antiblastic action.

[Septicemia against a background of immunodeficiency]. / Septitsemiia na fone immunodefitsita.

Macroscopic diagnosis of septicemia at autopsy is extremely difficult to make in cases where relevant diagnostic cues, notably changes in the spleen characteristic for sepsis are lacking. Histologic, bacterioscopic, immunomorphologic, fluorescence electron-microscopic studies of autopsy material are described which, in combination, enabled the authors to establish pathologic diagnosis of septicemia, identify its etiology, and characterize the immune status.

[Resistance of the alimentary canal of Daphnia magna Straus to the effect of enteropathogenic NAG-vibrios]. / Rezistentnost' pishchevaritel'nogo kanala Daphnia magna Straus k deistviiu énteropatogennykh NAG-vibrionov.

The interrelations between 30 Daphnias and enteropathogenic NAG-vibrios were experimentally investigated. Using histological and immunoserological techniques, NAG-vibrio administration into the medium inhabited by Crustaceous was shown to cause no pathological changes in the animal alimentary canal. Daphnias used these organisms as food. The intestinal epithelium is well protected from mechanical injury by peritrophic membrane, chitinous lining and peritrophic cavity where digestion takes place.

[Stereo-ultrastructure of the surface of HeLa cells following exposure to the MPEL of a number of trace elements]. / Stereoul'trastruktura poverkhnosti kletok HeLa posle vozdeistviia PDK riada mikroélementov.

Scanning electron microscopy was used to study the surface ultrastructure of HeLa cells after the incubation with maximum-permissible concentrations (MPC) of zinc, nickel, cobalt, cadmium and fluorine for 2, 4 and 24 hours. It was established that the action of zinc, nickel, fluorine was accompanied by the ultrastructural changes in plasmalemma up to the end of experiment. The effect of the cobalt and cadmium MPC was short-term, and cells restored their typical surface morphology within 24 hours.

[The most important human aluminoses]. / Vazhneishie aliuminozy cheloveka.

Aluminoses are widespread forms of trace element deficiency of various severity. The organism is protected against a possible pathogenic influence of aluminum by a number of physiological mechanisms the most important among which is a regular urine excretion. A complex of pathological symptoms develops if serious homeostasis disturbances take place e. g. when renal deficiency or direct penetration of the trace element occur. The following forms of aluminosis should be distinguished: 1) simple accumulation in central nervous system which occurs in persons over 65 years; 2) aluminum accumulation in Alzheimer disease, in severe form of presenile and senile dementia; 3) dialysis aluminum encephalopathy; 4) non-dialysis infantile encephalopathy; 5) aluminum encephalopathy in total parenteral nutrition; 6) iatrogenic dialysis aluminum osteodystrophy; 7) jatrogenic peritoneal aluminosis; 8) aluminum pneumoconiosis of an occupational origin; 9) bronchospastic syndrome in aluminum smelter workers.

[Effect of sodium selenite on tumor cells in culture]. / Vozdeistvie selenita natriia na opukholevye kletki v kul'ture.

Morphofunctional changes in HeLa cell culture following treatment with various concentrations of selenium ion during 2, 4 and 24 hours are described. Variations in mitotic index, duration of separate mitotic stages and a profile of pathologic mitoses were established. Inhibition of cell entry into the S-phase of mitotic cycle and modifications of RNA and protein synthesis after treatment with 0.1 and 0.25 ppm of the trace element was shown autoradiographically. Increased destruction of cell monolayer following contact with selenium was demonstrated by light, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. It is suggested that selenium exerts a toxic effect on tumor cells although this mechanism is not yet clear.

[Experimental diarrhea in mice induced by oral infection with an enterotoxigenic strain of E. coli]. / Eksperimental'naia diareia u myshei, vyzvannaia peroral'nym zarazheniem énterotoksigennym shtammom E. coli.

It has been shown in experiments on adult random-bred and BALB/c Sto mice that oral infection with human strain of E. coli N-10407 induces enterocolitis characterized by marked diarrheal syndrome but without lethal outcome. The action of the strain not colonizing the intestinal mucosa of mice may be accounted for by a weak cytopathic effect of the infecting microorganism and its toxin. The data obtained indicate that adult mice may serve as a convenient model for investigation of colibacillary diarrhea induced by enterotoxigenic strain of E. coli, BALB/c Sto mice being a more sensitive model than random-bred animals.