An Evaluation of the Result of Fenestration and Discectomy for the Treatment of Prolapsed Lumber Intervertrebal Disc (PLID).

The aim of this study is to asses the result of fenestration and discectomy for the treatment of PLID. This Prospective quasi experimental study was conducted on 29 Patient of PLID with different ages at Dhaka Medical College Hospital (DMCH), Dhaka, Bangladesh from July 2014 to June 2016. Post Operative outcome was assessed through Modified Macnab Criteria & Visual Analogue Score (VAS). The mean age of patient were 38.14±9.20 years and ranging from 24 to 55 years. The mean age of male was 37.21±9.72 years and female patient was 39.90±8.32 years. Overall subjective assessment of this study revealed that 79.2% patients had excellent functional outcome, 13.8% good and 6.9% fair and there was no poor functional outcome a according to modified Macnab criteria.

Voiceless Bangla vowel recognition using sEMG signal.

Some people cannot produce sound although their facial muscles work properly due to having problem in their vocal cords. Therefore, recognition of alphabets as well as sentences uttered by these voiceless people is a complex task. This paper proposes a novel method to solve this problem using non-invasive surface Electromyogram (sEMG). Firstly, eleven Bangla vowels are pronounced and sEMG signals are recorded at the same time. Different features are extracted and mRMR feature selection algorithm is then applied to select prominent feature subset from the large feature vector. After that, these prominent features subset is applied in the Artificial Neural Network for vowel classification. This novel Bangla vowel classification method can offer a significant contribution in voice synthesis as well as in speech communication. The result of this experiment shows an overall accuracy of 82.3 % with fewer features compared to other studies in different languages.

Surgical management of rectourethral fistula in different situations.

This study was done to see the outcome of repair of rectourethral fistula (RUF) in different situations between 2002 and 2009 in Chittagong and Dhaka Medical College Hospitals. We prospectively reviewed the records of all the patients who developed rectourethral fistula. Total 18 patients were included and in all cases faecal and urinary diversion was done preoperatively. In 4 patients fistulas size was <1cm where spontaneous closure of RUF occured after 6 months of diversion. In 8 patients repair of fistula was done through the perineal approach where excision of fistulas tract with anastomotic urethroplasty and repair of rectal wound was done. Out of these 8 patients tunica vaginalis flap was applied in 3 and dartos pedicle flap in 5 cases, in the remaining 6 patients transrectal York-Mason repair was done. Out of 6 patients of York-Mason repair, one developed recurrent fistula - which underwent repair with a graft through the perineal approach later on with good result. No patient developed urinary or faecal incontinence. In 2 patients leakage of urine was noted in post operative days in the perineal wound and catheter was kept for 3 weeks more. No one had erectile dysfunction. Both faecal & urinary diversion adds benefit to the outcome of the rectourethral fistula. Transrectal York-Mason repair is easier to do with less morbidity and complication while perineal approach with graft interposition may be done in cases where anastomotic urethroplasty is needed along with fistula repair.

Arsenic in eggs and excreta of laying hens in Bangladesh: a preliminary study.

The aim of this study was to detect arsenic concentrations in feed, well-water for drinking, eggs, and excreta of laying hens in arsenic-prone areas of Bangladesh and to assess the effect of arsenic-containing feed and well-water on the accumulation of arsenic in eggs and excreta of the same subject. One egg from each laying hen (n = 248) and its excreta, feed, and well-water for drinking were collected. Total arsenic concentrations were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometer, coupled with hydride generator. Effects of arsenic-containing feed and drinking-water on the accumulation of arsenic in eggs and excreta were analyzed by multivariate regression model, using Stata software. Mean arsenic concentrations in drinking-water, feed (dry weight [DW]), egg (wet weight [WW]), and excreta (DW) of hens were 77.3, 176.6, 19.2, and 1,439.9 ppb respectively. Significant (p < 0.01) positive correlations were found between the arsenic contents in eggs and drinking-water (r = 0.602), drinking-water and excreta (r = 0.716), feed and excreta (r = 0.402) as well as between the arsenic content in eggs and the age of the layer (r = 0.243). On an average, 55% and 82% of the total variation in arsenic contents of eggs and excreta respectively could be attributed to the variation in the geographic area, age, feed type, and arsenic contents of drinking-water and feed. For each week's increase in age of hens, arsenic content in eggs increased by 0.94%. For every 1% elevation of arsenic in drinking-water, arsenic in eggs and excreta increased by 0.41% and 0.44% respectively whereas for a 1% rise of arsenic in feed, arsenic in eggs and excreta increased by 0.40% and 0.52% respectively. These results provide evidence that, although high arsenic level prevails in well-water for drinking in Bangladesh, the arsenic shows low biological transmission capability from body to eggs and, thus, the value was below the maximum tolerable limit for humans. However, arsenic in drinking-water and/or feed makes a significant contribution to the arsenic accumulations in eggs and excreta of laying hens.

In-vitro relationship between protein-binding and free drug concentrations of a water-soluble selective beta-adrenoreceptor antagonist (atenolol) and its interaction with arsenic.

The degree of binding of a drug to plasma proteins has a marked effect on its distribution, elimination, and pharmacological effect since only the unbound fraction is available for distribution into extra-vascular space. The protein-binding of atenolol was measured by equilibrium dialysis in the bovine serum albumin (BSA). Free atenolol concentration was increased due to addition of arsenic which reduced the binding of the compounds to BSA. During concurrent administration, arsenic displaced atenolol from its high-affinity binding Site I, and free concentration of atenolol increased from 4.286 +/- 0.629% and 5.953 +/- 0.605% to 82.153 +/- 1.924% and 85.486 +/- 1.158% in absence and presence of Site I probe respectively. Thus, it can be suggested that arsenic displaced atenolol from its binding site resulting in an increase of the free atenolol concentration in plasma.

Hypoglycemic effect of Catharanthus roseus in normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.

The effects of crude juice (at 0.5 and 1 ml/kg b.w.) and aqueous extract (at 0.30 and 0.45 gm/kg b.w.) of leaves of Catharanthus roseus on serum glucose level in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats were examined at 8 hours, 12 hours and 24 hours following single oral administration. The administration of crude juice at 1 ml/kg b.w. continued for another 9 doses (total 10 single morning doses given) and its effect was examined on the 4th and 11th day. The rats were made diabetic by single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin at 45 mg/kg b.w. Glibenclamide was used in the study for comparison. The crude leaf juice at 0.5 and 1 ml/kg b.w. reduced the serum glucose level in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats throughout the 24-hour period significantly (P varies between 0.05 and 0.001 at different times). The aqueous extract at 0.30 and 0.45 gm/kg reduced the serum glucose level in streptozotocin diabetic rats at 8 and 12 hour significantly (P varies between 0.05 to 0.01 at different times) but not at the 24 hour. Glibenclamide, at 500 mug/kg, also reduced the serum glucose level in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats throughout the 24-hour period (P<0.001). The crude leaf juice at 1 ml/kg also significantly reduced the serum glucose level in the streptozotocin induced diabetic rats on the 4th and 11th day (P<0.001 on both occasions). The effect of crude leaf juice at 1 ml/kg b.w administered daily orally over a 10 day period was also examined on a group of normal rats at different times. The study showed significant reduction at 8 hr (P<0.05), 12 hr, 24 hr and on the 4th day (P<0.01 on these 3 occasions) and also on the 11th day (P<0.001).

Polypoid gall bladder lesions: is it necessary for immediate surgery?

Ultrasonographic study of hepatobiliary system was done in 481 patients with acute right hypochondriac pain to find out any pathology in hepatobiliary system. A total of 57 patients with polypoid lesions in gall bladder were diagnosed and underwent extensive follow-up. In 31 patients, who underwent surgery, the histological findings were cholesterol polyp/cholesterosis (n=14), cholesterosis with fibrous displasia of gall bladder (n=7), adenomyomatosis (n=3), hyperplastic cholecystosis (n=5) and adenocarcinoma (n=2). Remaining 26 patients were under follow-up up to 18 months from first diagnosis. Though most of the polyps diagnosed on ultrasound appeared to be benign without any risk of malignant transformation, it, however, may be recommended to go for surgery in a persistent symptomatic patient.

Mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP) induces testicular alterations in male guinea pigs at prepubertal stage.

We have recently shown that MEHP induces spermatogenic cell apoptosis in guinea pigs at prepubertal stage in vitro. To evaluate the effects of MEHP on the testicular tissues of guinea pigs in vivo, we conducted this research work. Five weeks old male guinea pigs were used in this experiment. They received a single oral dose of 2000 mg/ml of MEHP in corn oil by gavage at a volume equal to 4 ml/kg. Control group received a similar volume of corn oil vehicle. Vehicle- and MEHP-treated guinea pigs were sacrificed at the interval of 3, 6, and 9 h, and the testicular tissues were processed for histopathological studies. Distinct histopathological changes were recognized in testes. Detachment and displacement of spermatogenic cells, thin seminiferous epithelia, vacuolization of Sertoli cells were prominent at 6 h after MEHP treatment. The lumina of the efferent ductules were frequently occupied with sloughed seminiferous epithelia from 6 to 9 h after MEHP treatment. Apoptotic spermatogenic cells appeared at 3 h in the control group. The incidence of apoptotic spermatogenic cells significantly increased (*p<0.05) from 3 to 9 h, and the maximal increase of apoptotic spermatogenic cells were observed at 9 h after MEHP treatment. Time-dependent increases of apoptotic spermatogenic cells was recognized throughout the experimental period. It may be suggested here that MEHP also induces spermatogenic cell apoptosis in guinea pigs in vivo and guinea pigs may be considered as a useful animal model for sensitivity test of the reproductive toxicity to some phthalate esters at their earlier stage in vivo.

Mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP) induces spermatogenic cell apoptosis in guinea pig testes at prepubertal stage in vitro.

The effects of mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP), an active metabolite of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), on prepubertal guinea pig testes in vitro were investigated. The testes of 35-day-old guinea pigs were surgically excised. They were seeded in a defined medium containing antibiotics and administered MEHP at concentrations of 1, 10, and 100 nmol/ml, respectively. The control groups were administered a similar volume of corn oil vehicle. The tissues were incubated for 3, 6, and 9 h. The specimens were collected at 3, 6, and 9 h after treatment. They were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde or 5% glutaraldehyde. For quantitation of the apoptotic spermatogenic cells, the terminal dUTP nick end-labeling (TUNEL) staining was performed by light microscopy. Detachment and displacement of spermatogenic cells, thin seminiferous epithelia, and Sertoli cell vacuolization were observed. Maximal testicular damage was recognized at 100 nmol/ml and 9 h after MEHP treatment. The percentage (%) of apoptotic spermatogenic cells significantly increased at 3, 6, and 9 h after treatment, compared to the control groups. Because the loss of spermatogenic cells by MEHP treatment varies among species, the present study, using guinea pigs, was designed and conducted to obtain further information.

Arterial supply to the stomach of indigenous dog (Canis familiaris) in Bangladesh.

Arterial supply to the stomach of dogs indigenous to Bangladesh was investigated by using latex. The hepatic, left gastric and splenic arteries sent their major branches to the stomach. The cranial and caudal branches of the left gastric artery supplied the lesser curvature of the stomach. The right gastric, and right and left gastroepiploic arteries also sent their branches to both the lesser and greater curvatures. Six or seven short gastric arteries from the splenic artery supplied the greater curvature. Anastomoses between the left and right gastric, between the left and right gastroepiploic, and between short gastric arteries and left gastric arteries were observed.

A histological study on the coronary artery of the indigenous black Bengal goat in Bangladesh.

The coronary artery of the black Bengal goat was studied by light microscopy. The wall of the coronary artery consisted of the tunica intima, tunica media and tunica externa. The tunica intima consisted of a single layer of flattened endothelium. The tunica media was well-developed and composed of mainly of smooth muscle cells together with some fine elastic fibers. The tunica externa consisted of predominant collagen fibers, and some elastic fibers and smooth muscle cells. Elastic fibers in the tunica externa formed a circular arrangement around the tunica media. Sex differences were not observed. The media with well-developed smooth muscle cells may be responsible for changes in functional physiological conditions of the heart.

Assessment of vitamin A status by the deuterated-retinol-dilution technique and comparison with hepatic vitamin A concentration in Bangladeshi surgical patients.

Hepatic stores of vitamin A were estimated in 31 Bangladeshi surgical patients (15 males and 16 females) by the deuterated-retinol-dilution (DRD) technique and by analysis of the vitamin A concentration of a liver biopsy specimen obtained during previously scheduled abdominal surgery. Patients ranged in age from 21 to 65 y and had an average body mass index (BMI: in kg/m2) of 17.7 +/- 3.4. They received 0.753 mumol [2H4]retinyl acetate/kg body wt orally 9-11 d before surgery. Hepatic vitamin A reserves were estimated according to Furr et al (Am J Clin Nutr 1989;49:713-6) by using a single plasma isotopic-ratio measurement (18-25 d postdose). Estimated mean hepatic vitamin A stores were similar by both techniques, 0.110 +/- 0.072 mmol (by DRD) compared with 0.100 +/- 0.067 mmol (by biopsy). Regression analysis was used to compare results of the DRD and biopsy techniques. A significant linear relation was found between the two techniques (r = 0.75, P < 0.0001), and the least-squares regression line was not significantly different from y = x (P = 0.09). The results indicate that the DRD technique provided a very good estimate of hepatic vitamin A reserves for this population. However, a wide prediction interval was observed for estimates of hepatic vitamin A reserves for individual subjects. Thus, further refinement of the prediction model is necessary to improve estimates of hepatic vitamin A reserves for individual subjects.

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)-granules of auricular cardiocytes in dehydrated and rehydrated mice.

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)-granules of auricular cardiocytes were examined by immunohistochemistry, transmission electron microscopy and ultrastructural morphometry in dehydrated and rehydrated mice. In addition, plasma ANP and tissue ANP mRNA levels were determined by radioimmunoassay and polymerase chain reaction, respectively. ANP immunoreactivity and the number of granules in the cardiocytes were increased with time in the dehydration group, while plasma ANP and tissue ANP mRNA levels were decreased on day 3 of dehydration. On day 3 of dehydration, the number of ANP-granules (153.2 +/- 8.3, mean +/- standard error) was significantly (p < 0.05) greater than in the control (125.8 +/- 6.7). IN the rehydration group, the immunoreactivity and number of ANP-granules were less than those in the group on day 3 of dehydration. The plasma ANP level during rehydration for 12 hr was slightly elevated in comparison with the group on day 3 of dehydration. The tissue ANP mRNA level after 12 hr of rehydration was lower than that on day 3 of dehydration. The diameter of ANP-granules was significantly (p < 0.01) smaller in all experimental groups than in the control. These findings suggest that synthesis and secretion of ANP are inhibited and ANP-granules are stored in auricular cardiocytes during dehydration.

Ultrastructural changes in fat cells and blood capillaries of the mammary gland in starved mice.

The effects of starvation on fat cells and blood capillaries of the first abdomino-inguinal mammary gland in mice were investigated by light and transmission electron microscopy. The body weight of starved mice abruptly decreased to approximately 70% of that of controls at 3 days of starvation and, thereafter, gradually decreased. In adipose tissues of mammary stroma, multilocular fat cells increased in number and clustered during starvation to a glandular appearance at 6 days. Collagen fibers increased in amount around mammary ducts and buds. By electron microscopy, multilocular fat cells possessed numerous mitochondria, small lipid droplets, and plasmalemmal vesicles, while endothelial cells of the blood capillaries showed numerous pinocytotic vesicles plus short marginal folds and microvillous processes. These observations prove that the number of pinocytotic vesicles in blood capillary endothelium is closely related with the increased amount of lipid of fat cells in the mammary gland during starvation.

Morphometrical changes of the arterial walls of main arteries from heart to the abdomino-inguinal mammary glands of rat from virgin through pregnancy, lactation and post-weaning.

Morphometrical changes of the arterial walls from the ascending aorta to the abdomino-inguinal mammary glands of rat from virgin through pregnancy, lactation and post-weaning stages were investigated by using a light microscope and an image analyzer. Based on the histological architecture and organization of connective tissue fibers and smooth muscle cells in the media, the arterial segments were clearly identified into three types; elastic, transitional and muscular types. The ascending aorta, the aortic arch, the thoracic aorta and the abdominal aorta were identified as elastic type and the maximum number of elastic lamellae was recorded in the ascending aorta as 10-13. In elastic type of arteries, the tunica media was thicker than other tunics with the exception of the abdominal aorta, in which the tunica externa was a little bit thicker than that of the media. From the external iliac artery to the proximal part of the femoral artery, the arterial segments were transitional in type and the elastic lamellae were ranged from 1-3 in numbers. The deep circumflex iliac, the external pudendal, the caudal superficial epigastric, and the mammary arteries were identified as muscular type, and the media was completely devoid of elastic lamellae. Distinguishable significant changes of diameters and thickness of the arteries were recorded in the deep circumflex iliac, the external pudendal, the caudal superficial epigastric and the mammary arteries, and showed that the diameters and thickness were gradually increased during pregnancy and reached to the maximum values during lactation and again decreased following the post-weaning stages.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

The effect of long-term exposure to phosphamidon on the ruminal microorganisms and circulating carboxylesterase of Bubalus bubalis.

The effect of long-term exposure to the organophosphate insecticide phosphamidon on the ruminal microorganisms and serum carboxylesterase of buffalo calves was investigated. Oral administration of phosphamidon in doses of 0.25 and 0.5 mg/kg per day for 120 days caused significant inactivation of carboxylesterase activity (16-32%) without eliciting any intoxicating signs apart from mild intermittent diarrhoea in the animals receiving the higher dose. The higher dose also produced a significant reduction in the total number of rumen protozoa (16-24%). However, the insecticide had no discernible effect on the total bacterial count or pH of the rumen liquor.

Measurement by spectrophotometer of blood cholinesterases inactivation following single oral doses of phosphamidon in Bubalus bubalis.

The effect of phosphamidon on blood cholinesterases (ChE) was investigated in male buffalo calves following single oral doses of 20, 40 and 80 mg/kg body wt. Phosphamidon at all 3 doses levels significantly inactivated erythrocyte and plasma ChE (66-98 and 67-89%, respectively) within 8-12 hr of administration. The inhibition was dose dependent, and the extent of inactivation of blood ChE correlated well with severity of toxicity following all phosphamidon doses.