ABSTRACT
The expression of claudin-11 in benign and malignant bladder tissue and the effect of forced expression of claudin-11 on tight junction function and invasiveness of bladder cancer cells were studied. Claudin-11 expression was tested in bladder cancer cell lines (T24/83, RT 112/84 and EJ138) using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and in benign and malignant bladder tissue by quantitative RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. T24/83 cells were transfected with the pcDNA.1/NT-GFP-TOPO vector containing full-length human claudin-11 sequence. Stable-transfected cells overexpressing claudin-11 (T24Cl-11Ex), wild-type cells (T24WT) and the empty plasmid control clone (T24GFP) were compared using transurothelial resistance (TUR), in vitro adhesion, invasion and growth assays. Claudin-11 was strongly expressed in the non-invasive RT112/84 cell line compared to the invasive T24/83 and EJ138 TCC cell lines. Benign bladder tissue demonstrated equal expression of claudin-11 mRNA as carcinoma, but displayed more intense staining than malignant tissue on immunohistochemistry. Forced-expression of claudin-11 in T24/83 cells was confirmed by PCR, immunoprecipitation and by immunofluorescence, which demonstrated increased perinuclear claudin-11 staining. Forced expression of claudin-11 did not affect TUR (p = 0.243), but significantly reduced invasion (p = 0.001) while increasing cell matrix adhesion (p = 0.001) and growth rates (p = 0.001). The greater expression of claudin-11 in benign vs. malignant tissue and non-invasive vs. invasive cell lines, and its effect in reducing bladder cancer cell invasiveness suggests that claudin-11 may have a role in preventing cancer progression and may serve as a therapeutic target in reducing metastasis.
Subject(s)
Nerve Tissue Proteins/metabolism , Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/metabolism , Animals , Blotting, Western , Cell Line, Tumor , Cell Proliferation , Claudins , Humans , Immunohistochemistry , Immunoprecipitation , Neoplasm Invasiveness , Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction , Transfection , Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/pathologySubject(s)
Conscious Sedation/methods , Pain/prevention & control , Patient Satisfaction , Propofol/therapeutic use , Prostate/pathology , Ultrasonography, Interventional/methods , Anesthetics, Intravenous/therapeutic use , Anxiety/prevention & control , Anxiety/psychology , Biopsy/methods , Biopsy/psychology , Conscious Sedation/psychology , Humans , Male , Pain/psychology , RectumABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Vasectomy is a common method of sterilisation. However, it is less popular than tubal ligation world-wide. It is also a frequent cause of litigation relating to its complications. This article reviews the early and late risks associated with the procedure. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Data collection was done using the internet to search Medline for obtaining evidence-based medicine reviews. Cross-references were obtained from key articles. Websites of government bodies and medical associations were searched for guidelines relating to vasectomy. DISCUSSION: Early complications include haematoma, wound and genito-urinary infections, and traumatic fistulae. Vasectomy failure occurs in 0-2% of patients. Late recanalisation causes failure in 0.2% of vasectomies. Significant chronic orchalgia may occur in up to 15% of men after vasectomy, and may require epididyectomy or vasectomy reversal. Antisperm antibodies develop in a significant proportion of men post-vasectomy, but do not increase the risk of immune-complex or atherosclerotic heart disease. Similarly, vasectomy does not enhance risk of testicular or prostate cancer. Vasectomy has a lower mortality as compared to tubal occlusion, but is still significantly high in non-industrialised countries because of infections. CONCLUSIONS: Vasectomy, though safe and relatively simple, requires a high level of expertise to minimise complications. Adequate pre-operative counselling is essential to increase patient acceptability of this method of permanent contraception.
