The effect of a single aerobic training session on cognitive flexibility in late middle-aged adults.

Research has shown that aerobic exercise enhances cognitive function, specifically executive functions. This study examines the effect of acute aerobic exercise on cognitive flexibility - an executive function - in late middle-aged individuals. Fourteen men and 45 women aged 50 - 64, were randomly assigned to moderate exercise (60 % of heart rate reserve), moderately-intense (70 % of heart rate reserve) exercise, and movie-watching control groups after a maximal exercise test. Prior to and following the exercise or control sessions participants performed two cognitive tasks: the Alternate Uses assessing cognitive flexibility and the Digit Span Forward subtest from the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale - Revised assessing attention span. Results indicated significant improvement in Alternate Uses in the exercise groups but not in the control group. No group differences were indicated on the Digit Span. These results provide partial support for the benefit of acute aerobic exercise on cognitive flexibility.

Persistent testicular pain after vasectomy.

PIP: Following vasectomy, the patient had right testicular pain. The sperm granuloma regressed under antibiotic therapy but another painful nodule followed. Antibiotics and prostatic massage were not helpful. A nerve block alleviated the pain for several hours. A recurring sperm granuloma was diagnosed. Many of these undergo spontaneous resolution. Bed rest and antiinflammatory agents such as Tandearil (oxyphenbutazone) are indicated. Nerves may be incorporated in the vasectomy site by scar tissue or suture material. Other proposed treatment is excision of the vasectomy site. If this is not successful, then an epididymectomy is indicated.^ieng

Modern eligibility criteria for vasectomy in the United States.

As more people seek to terminate, not just to limit their fertility, physicians should acknowledge the difference between temporary and permanent fertility decisions and make permanent methods more easily available. Recognizing that fertility decisions are personal, social and medical physicians and clinics should adopt eligibility criteria that allow the responsibility for fertility control to reside primarily in the individual. Rather than forcing patients to rely on temporary methods with high failure rates, physicians should attempt to assure the patient's future satisfaction as much as possible by using criteria related to satisfying decision-making in determining who is eligible for vasectomy. We believe that elective vasectomy for contraceptive reasons should be readily available to mature, competent, fully informed men when they have all the children they want.