ABSTRACT
The effects of the use of solvents (96% ethanol and PEG 400), solute ratios: solvent (1: 4 and 1: 6 w/w), extraction temperatures (50 and 60 °C) and leaching techniques (conventional and assisted by ultrasound) on the concentration and time of extraction of bixin from Achiote (Bixa Orellana L.) were evaluated. The extraction kinetics were constructed, and their orders were determined. The experimental values were adjusted through the mathematical models of Peleg and Azuara. ANOVA was used based on a 23 design, blocking type of technology. The kinetics showed two stages of extraction: rapid and slow. The reaction orders were decimal numbers, which indicates the complexity of the extraction mechanism. The highest orders of reaction (2.97 and 2.075) were presented with extraction with ultrasound-assisted and ethanol as solvent, at 50 and 60 °C and solute solvent ratio 1: 4 and 1: 6, respectively. The concentration of Bixin was increased by approximately 30% by increasing the temperature. The Azuara model presented the highest adjustment with a standard error < 0.1. The conventional leaching with PEG-400 required the lowest activation energy (9.2 kJ / mol) and with this treatment in 66 min the highest concentration of bixin (2.74 mgBix / gExt) was obtained. It was concluded that ultrasound-assisted leaching facilitates the extraction of bixin pigment, and the use of PEG 400 solvent is useful to obtain higher yields.
ABSTRACT
Se estudió el efecto de la agitación (180, 220, y 240rpm) sobre la pérdida de agua y la ganancia de azúcar en rodajas de pitahaya deshidratas osmóticamente, empleando soluciones osmóticas de sacarosa con dos niveles de concentración, 45 y 55°Brix. Adicionalmente, se determinó la porosidad de la pitahaya en estado fresco y deshidratado osmóticamente, y se relacionó con los niveles de agitación. Los resultados mostraron que los niveles de agitación inciden significativamente sobre la pérdida de agua, presentando mayor variación relativa para los tratamientos a 45ºBrix. La ganancia de azúcar no presentó diferencias significativas por efecto de los niveles de agitación. Lo anterior se explica por la baja porosidad de la pitahaya en estado fresco (2,78 ±0,35%), que dificulta la entrada de la molécula de sacarosa en la fruta. Los resultados sugieren que la deshidratación osmótica se perfila como una técnica de pretratamiento apropiada para la pitahaya amarilla debido a la baja ganancia de sólidos durante el proceso.
The effect of the stirring (180, 220, y 240rpm) on water loss and sugar gain in the process of osmotic dehydration of pitahaya slices was studied, using osmotic solutions of sucrose with two concentration levels, 45 and 55°Brix. Additionally, the porosity of the pitahaya in fresh and osmotically dehydrated states was determined and related to the stirring speed. The results showed that stirring level has a significant effect on water loss, with a greater relative variation for the treatments at 45°Brix. Sugar gain did not show significant differences as an effect of agitation speed. This is explained by the low porosity of the pitahaya in fresh state (2.78 ±0.35%), which hinders the entry of the sucrose molecules into the fruit. The results suggest that osmotic dehydration is emerging as an appropriate pretreatment technique for the yellow pitahaya due to the low gain in solids during the process.
Estudou-se o efeito da agitação (180, 220, e 240rpm) sobre a perda de água e o ganho de açúcar en rodelas de pitaya desidratas osmoticamente, empregando soluções osmóticas de sacarose com dois níveis de concentração, 45 e 55°Brix. Adicionalmente, se determinou a porosidade da pitaya em estado fresco e desidratado osmoticamente, e se relacionou com os níveis de agitação. Os resultados mostraram que os níveis de agitação incidem significativamente sobre a perda de água, apresentando maior variação relativa para os tratamentos a 45ºBrix. O ganho de açúcar não apresentou diferenças significativas por efeito dos níveis de agitação. O anterior se explica pela baixa porosidade da pitaya em estado fresco (2,78 ±0,35%), que dificulta a entrada da molécula de sacarose na fruta. Os resultados sugerem que a desidratação osmótica se perfila como uma técnica de pre-tratamento apropriada para a pitaya amarela devido ao baixo ganho de sólidos durante o processo.
