The Effect of Supplemental Feeding Tube Device on Time to Transition to Exclusive Breastfeeding and Discharge: A Randomized Controlled Trial with Preterm Infants.

Aim: This study investigated the effect of supplemental feeding tube device (SFTD) method on time to transition to exclusive breastfeeding and discharge time in preterm infants. Methods: This randomized controlled trial was conducted in the neonatal intensive care unit of a public hospital in Turkey (Clinical Trial Number: NCT05815706). The sample consisted of 65 preterm infants randomized into a control (n = 32) and an experimental (n = 33) group. The experimental group participants were SFTD-fed until they switched to exclusive breastfeeding. The control group participants were fed according to the routine procedure. Data were collected using a questionnaire, a Preterm Infant Monitoring Form, and the LATCH Breastfeeding Assessment Tool. The data were analyzed using numbers, percentage distributions, means, standard deviations, Pearson's chi-square test, and independent samples t-test. The study was approved by an Ethics Committee. Permission was obtained from the hospital. Informed consent was obtained from all parents. Results: The experimental group (123.64 ± 63.25 hours) demonstrated an earlier transition to exclusive breastfeeding compared with the control group (187.50 ± 95.30 hours) (p < 0.05). The experimental group (361.45 ± 110.46 hours) had significantly shorter hospital stays than the control group (479.25 ± 163.17 hours). The experimental group (35.33 ± 1.14 weeks) had a significantly younger gestational age at discharge than the control group (35.97 ± 1.03 weeks). Conclusion: The SFTD is an alternate supportive feeding method that helps preterm infants switch to exclusive breastfeeding sooner, have shorter hospital stays, and have a younger gestational age at discharge than their bottle-fed counterparts.

The effect of a cognitive behavioural intervention package on peripheral venous cannulation pain, fear and anxiety in Paediatric patients: A randomised controlled trial.

PURPOSE: This study investigated the effect of a cognitive behavioural intervention package (CBIP) on peripheral venous cannulation (PVC) pain, fear and anxiety in paediatric patients aged 7-12 years. DESIGN AND METHODS: This randomised controlled trial included 77 paediatric patients (intervention: n = 39 and control: n = 38). The control group underwent a routine PVC procedure, whereas the intervention group attended the CBIP while undergoing a PVC procedure. Data were collected using a sociodemographic form, the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), the Wong-Baker FACES (WB-FACES) Pain Rating Scale, the Children's Fear Scale (CFS) and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children-State Form (STAIC-State). The participants, their caregivers and the researcher scored PVC pain, fear and anxiety levels. The study was approved by an ethics committee. Informed consent was obtained from caregivers, and verbal consent was obtained from children. RESULTS: No significant difference in pre-procedural CFS scores were noted between the CBIP and control groups (p > 0.05). However, the CBIP group had significantly lower mean procedural pain (VAS and WB-FACES), fear (CFS) and anxiety (STAIC-State) scores than the control group (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The CBIP helped children experience less PVC pain, fear and anxiety. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: Nurses can use the CBIP to help reduce PVC pain, fear and anxiety in children. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION: The study was registered at Clinical-Trials.gov (NCT06018909).

The effect of kangaroo care on cortisol levels and immune factors in breast milk.

This paper investigated the effect of kangaroo mother care (KMC) in the early postpartum period on cortisol levels and immune factors in breast milk. This quasi-experimental study was conducted at the obstetrics clinic of a university hospital in western Türkiye. The sample consisted of 63 mothers and their infants. All mothers had a cesarean delivery. Participants were divided into control (n = 32) and experimental groups (n = 31). The control group received routine care at the clinic. The experimental group received KMC for the first 3 days after birth in addition to the routine care at the clinic. Milk samples were collected on the third day after delivery to examine cortisol, IgA, IgM, and IgG levels. All parameters were measured using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. The experimental group had lower cortisol levels (17.740 ± 1.438) than the control group (18.503 ± 1.449) (p < .05). This result showed that the difference between the two groups was clinically significant (effect size = .53). There was no significant difference in IgA, IgM, and IgG levels between the groups (p > .05). The experimental and control groups had similar immunological factors, but the former had lower cortisol levels than the latter. Therefore, healthcare professionals should encourage mothers to provide KMC to their infants as soon as possible.

The effect of anxiety on nicotine dependence among university students during the COVID-19 pandemic.

PURPOSE: This study investigated the effect of anxiety on nicotine dependence among university students during the COVID-19 pandemic. DESIGN AND METHODS: This was a descriptive and correlational study. The sample consisted of 503 university students in Turkey. Data were collected online using a demographic characteristics form, the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), and the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND). FINDINGS: FTND scores differed by gender, family type, and grade level, while STAI scores differed by gender, income, and region of residence (p < 0.05). Fifty-one percent of the participants had moderate anxiety, while 65.2% had low nicotine dependence. FTND and STAI mean scores were strongly correlated (p < 0.05). PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: The higher the anxiety, the higher the nicotine dependence among university students during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Validity and Reliability of the Neonatal Palliative Care Attitude Scale in Turkey.

AIM: This study aimed to establish the validity and reliability of the Neonatal Palliative Care Attitude Scale in Turkey. METHOD: This methodological study was conducted between December, 2014, and July, 2017, in the neonatal intensive care unit of 4 hospitals (2 public, 1 university, and 1 private hospital) in the center of a city in eastern Turkey. The study population consisted of all the nurses of the hospitals. No sampling was performed, and the sample consisted of 145 nurses who agreed to participate in the study. The 26-item Neonatal Palliative Care Attitude Scale developed by Kain et al. (2009) was translated into Turkish and then back-translated into English for to determine the validity for Turkey. Experts were consulted to determine the validity of the content. Cronbach's alpha coefficient, test-retest reliability, and item-total correlation were used for reliability. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were used for validity. RESULTS: Content validity index ranged from .8 to 1.0. The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin measure of sampling adequacy was .934, for which the Bartlett's test of sphericity was χ2 = 415.127, p = .000. According to the principal component analysis, the Neonatal Palliative Care Attitude Scale in Turkey. had 3 subscales as did the original Neonatal Palliative Care Attitude Scale. The items had factor loadings greater than .40, and the factors accounted for 55.51% of the total variance. The subscales "organization," "resources," and "clinician" had a Cronbach's alpha of .692, .710, and .680, respectively. CONCLUSION: The Neonatal Palliative Care Attitude Scale in Turkey. has a structure similar to that of the original Neonatal Palliative Care Attitude Scale and has high validity and reliability. It is, therefore, a valid and reliable instrument that can be used to identify nurses' attitudes toward neonatal palliative care.

The Effect of Kangaroo Care on Breastfeeding and Development in Preterm Neonates.

PURPOSE: This study investigated the effect of kangaroo care (KC) on breastfeeding rate and development in preterm neonates in the first six months of life. DESIGN: The study was conducted using a quasi-experimental method with a pretest-posttest control group design. The sample consisted of preterm neonates in the NICU of two state hospitals of Turkey. The experimental group (n =30) was provided with KC by their mothers for 30 min once a day during a postnatal month. The control group (n = 30) received routine care. Feeding patterns and physical development parameters were determined during the transition to exclusive breastfeeding and at discharge, and in the first, third, and sixth postnatal months. Data were collected using a descriptive characteristics questionnaire, a nutrition and physical development follow-up form, and a home KC follow-up form. Percentage distribution, mean, chi-square test, and t-test were used for analysis. RESULTS: The KC group had a significantly higher mean body weight than the control group in the third and sixth postnatal months (p < .05). The KC group had higher breast milk intake and breastfeeding rates than the control group during the transition to exclusive breastfeeding and at discharge, and in the first, third, and sixth postnatal months (p < .05). CONCLUSION: The KC neonates were breastfed for a more extended period of time than controls. This result suggests that KC improves breast milk intake and breastfeeding rates. Therefore, mothers should be trained in KC in the postnatal period. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: Healthcare professionals should encourage and follow mothers for kangaroo care.

The Effect of Three Different Methods on Venipuncture Pain and Anxiety in Children: Distraction Cards, Virtual Reality, and Buzzy® (Randomized Controlled Trial).

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to determine the effect of the distraction cards, virtual reality and Buzzy® methods on venipuncture pain and anxiety in children aged 7-12 years. DESIGN AND METHODS: This was a randomized controlled trial with parallel groups conducted between November 16, 2017 and August 14, 2018 at the pediatric venipuncture unit of a university hospital in Western Turkey. The sample consisted of 142 children who met the inclusion criteria. The experimental group consisted of 108 children divided into three groups: Distraction Cards (DC; n = 35), Virtual Reality (VR; n = 37), and Buzzy® (n = 36). The control group (n = 34) received no intervention during venipuncture. Data were collected using a descriptive characteristics form, and the Visual Analog Scale (VAS), Wong-Baker FACES, and Children's Fear Scale (CFS). The participants themselves and their parents and the researcher scored venipuncture pain and anxiety levels. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee. Permission was obtained from related institutions. Informed consent was obtained from parents. Verbal consent was obtained from children prior to participation. RESULTS: Buzzy® group had the lowest mean VAS score (2.2 ± 2.0), followed by the VR (2.7 ± 2.8), DC (3.4 ± 2.4), and control (5.2 ± 2.8) groups (p < 0.05). According to all raters (child, parent, and researcher), the Buzzy® group had the lowest mean Wong Baker FACES score, followed by the VR, DC, and control groups (p < 0.05). According to all raters, the Buzzy® group had the lowest mean CFS score, followed by the VR, DC, and control groups (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The DC, VR, and Buzzy® methods were effective in reducing venipuncture pain and anxiety in children. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: Nurses can use the DC, VR, and Buzzy® methods to help reduce venipuncture pain and anxiety in children. The clinical trial registration number is NCT04421430. (https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/study/NCT04421430).

The effect of Internet addiction on sleep quality in adolescents.

PROBLEM: This cross-sectional type study was conducted to investigate the effect of Internet addiction on sleep quality in adolescents. METHODS: The study was conducted between September and December 2017 in three high schools located in the city center of Erzincan determined according to three socioeconomic levels. The population of the study was composed of 9th, 10th, 11th, and 12th grade students in the high schools determined. In the study, sample group selection was not made and all students, for whom parental permission and student permissions were obtained, were included in the study. A total of 1487 students were included in the study. FINDINGS: The average age of adolescents who participated in the study was 16.16 ± 1.19, 60.6% were male, and 27.6% were 9th grader. Adolescents' Young Internet Addiction Test-Short Form (YIAT-SF) total score average was 25.12 ± 9.14 and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) total score average was 5.11 ± 3.02. Poor sleep quality was found in 61.6% of adolescents. A positive and statistically significant relationship was found between the YIAT total score and the PSQI total score of adolescents (p < .01). CONCLUSIONS: It was determined that adolescents have a moderate Internet addiction, poor sleep quality, and Internet addiction negatively affects sleep quality.

The Effect of Kangaroo Mother Care, Provided in the Early Postpartum Period, on the Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Level of Mothers and the Perceived Insufficient Milk Supply.

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of kangaroo mother care, provided in the early postpartum period, on the breastfeeding self-efficacy level and the perceived insufficient milk supply. This study was conducted as the quasi-experimental design. The population of the study consisted of the mothers and their infants, to whom they gave birth in a university hospitals located in either eastern or western Turkey, between December 2016 and June 2017. In this study, mothers and their infants were randomly assigned to the experimental group (kangaroo mother care, n = 30) and the control group (n = 30). This study included 2500 to 4000 g birth weight infants who had no serious health problems and no sucking problems. The Introductory Information Form, the Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale, and the Perception of Insufficient Milk Questionnaire were used to collect the data. In this study, kangaroo mother care was provided as a nursing intervention for the mothers in the experimental group twice a day until they were discharged. Any other application was not performed in the control group's mothers apart from the routine application. Ethical principles were adhered in all stages of the study. The breastfeeding self-efficacy mean score (65.50 ± 3.95) of the mothers who performed kangaroo mother care was higher than the mean score of the mothers who did not perform kangaroo mother care (55.50 ± 7.00) (P < .001). In addition, mothers in the experimental group (46.60 ± 3.40) perceived their milk more sufficiently than mothers in the control group (30.17 ± 11.37) (P < .001). In the study, a statistically significant correlation was determined between breastfeeding self-efficacy levels of mothers in the experimental group and the perceived insufficient milk supply (P < .05). In the study, kangaroo mother care increased breastfeeding self-efficacy perception of the mothers and reduced the perceived insufficient milk supply. This shows that kangaroo mother care can potentially have an important effect on breastfeeding perceptions.

The Effects of Two Methods on Venipuncture Pain in Children: Procedural Restraint and Cognitive-Behavioral Intervention Package.

BACKGROUND: Invasive interventions can produce fear, anxiety, and pain in children. This may negatively affect the children's treatment and care. AIM: This study was conducted to determine the effects of procedural restraint (PR) and cognitive-behavioral intervention package (CBIP) on venipuncture pain in children between 6-12 years of age. DESIGN: Quasi-experimental study. SETTINGS: The study was conducted in the pediatric blood collection service of the hospital in Turkey between October 1, 2015, and April 1, 2016. PARTICIPANTS/SUBJECTS: The population of the study consisted of children admitted to the blood collection service during the study period who met the inclusion criteria. METHODS: The children included in the study were divided into two groups. Group 1 (n = 31) received PR in accordance with routine clinical practice. Group 2 (n = 30) received the CBIP. The data were collected by the researchers using a questionnaire, the visual analog scale (VAS), and the Wong-Baker FACES (WB-FACES) Pain Rating Scale. RESULTS: The children in the PR group had a mean VAS score of 5.90 ± 3.22 and a mean WB-FACES score of 8.70 ± 2.22. The children in the CBIP group had a mean VAS score of 2.43 ± 2.02 and a mean WB-FACES score of 2.80 ± 2.49. A statistically significant difference was found between the mean VAS and WB-FACES pain scores of the groups (p < .05). CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study showed that the children in the CBIP group had a lower pain level during venipuncture compared to those restrained for the procedure.