ABSTRACT
The study of iron reinforcements used in the construction of Notre-Dame de Paris offers a glimpse into the innovation that took place on this building site in the mid-12th century, adapting metal to create a novel architecture. The restoration of the monument after the 2019 fire offered unique possibilities to investigate its iron armatures and to sample 12 iron staples from different locations (tribunes, nave aisles and upper walls). Six of them were dated thanks to the development of an innovative methodology based on radiocarbon dating. They reveal that Notre-Dame is the first known Gothic cathedral where iron was massively used as a proper construction material to bind stones throughout its entire construction, leading to a better understanding of the master masons' thinking. Moreover, a metallographic study and slag inclusion chemical analyses of the staples provide the first study of iron supply for a great medieval Parisian building yard, renewing our understanding of iron circulation, trade and forging in the 12th and 13th century capital of the French kingdom. The highlighting of numerous welds in all iron staples and the multiple provenances sheds light on the activity of the iron market in this major medieval European city and the nature of the goods that circulated, and questions the possible importance of recycling.
Subject(s)
Fires , Reinforcement, Psychology , Humans , Construction MaterialsABSTRACT
On 2019, the fire of Notre-Dame de Paris cathedral ("NDdP") spread an unknown amount of lead (Pb) dust from the roof of the cathedral over Paris. No data describing the geochemical fingerprint of the roof lead, as well as no particle collected during the fire, were available: a post-hoc sampling was performed. To discriminate the potential environmental impact of the fire from multiple Pb sources in Paris, it was mandatory to define unequivocally the fire dust geochemical signature. A dedicated and in hindsight geochemistry-based strategy was developed to eliminate any source of potential contamination due to sampling substrates or previously deposited dust. Radiogenic Pb isotopic signatures (206Pb/207Pb and 208Pb/206Pb ratios) and elemental ratios were determined in 23 Pb-rich samples collected inside NDdP. We determined that the dust collected on wood substrates on the first floor was most representative of fire emissions. These samples were the analyzed for the 4 Pb isotopes (204, 206, 207, 208) and the fire dust signature is characterized by ratio values of 206Pb/207Pb: 1.1669-1.1685, 208Pb/206Pb: 2.0981-2.1095, 208Pb/204Pb: 38.307-38.342, 207Pb/204Pb: 15.633-15.639 and 206Pb/204Pb: 18.242-18.275. In addition, the fire dust presents typical element-to-Pb ratio. This fingerprint was compared to the signatures of the known local Pb sources. The geochemical fingerprint of the fire is significantly different from that of the dominant urban Pb source. This will allow future evaluation of the contribution of the fire to Paris Pb pollution and of the real extent of the area affected by the Pb-containing dust plume. Moreover, the geographical origin of Pb used for the roof restauration and the spire building was identified. These findings open new ways to study the Pb sources in historical monuments for environmental impacts evaluation, as well as for historical perspectives.
ABSTRACT
When Notre Dame de Paris cathedral caught fire on 15 April 2019, lead particles were deposited in its surroundings. Our objective was to determine whether the lead plume had a homogeneous isotopic signature (i.e., a set of homogenous isotopic ratios), and whether, if so, this was different from common sources. In January 2020, dust samples were collected from six areas inside the cathedral, downwind of the fire, as well as from eight roof debris fragments. These samples were mineralized and analyzed using ICP-MS. Their isotopic ratios (207Pb/206Pb and 206Pb/204Pb) were determined and then compared both to each other and to previous published ratios measured in home dusts and blood samples collected in France. The isotopic ratios of dust samples collected inside the cathedral were compatible with each other and with the roof fragments. These isotopic ratios are common and differ neither from those of many other dusts collected in France during the period 2008-2009, nor from those of blood samples collected from children in France during the same period. Moreover, the fire's isotopic signature is close to the overall signature for Paris. Indeed, it would be difficult to attribute the fire at the cathedral to either lead poisoning or environmental contamination.
