Evaluation of plasma fibrinogen degradation products, D-dimer, and mast cells in oral submucous fibrosis.

Background: Oral submucous fibrosis (OSF), a premalignant condition, demands early diagnosis and treatment for an improved prognosis of the patients. Being a chronic inflammatory disease, various markers of inflammation can be used to predict the prognosis of the disease. The present study was undertaken to assess the plasma levels of fibrinogen degradation products (FDPs), D-dimer, and mast cell density (MCD) in patients with OSF. Materials and Methods: Forty histopathologically confirmed cases of OSF and 10 age- and sex-matched individuals were included in the study. Two ml of venous blood was obtained from all the study participants and was evaluated for the levels of FDPs, d-dimer, and mast cell densities. Results: Comparison of mean plasma levels of FDPs and D-dimer showed a statistically significant increase with the increase in the grades of OSF. Also, a significant association was evident between the plasma FDPs and D-dimer levels. The values of mean mast cell densities from grade I to grade IV OSF were 191.1/mm2, 258.5/mm2, 182.4/mm2, and 165.7/mm2, respectively, and were significantly higher than the value in NOM i.e., 86.5/mm2. There was a statistically significant increase in the values of mast cell densities from grade I to grade II OSF, with grade II OSF showing the highest mast cell densities among all the grades, and the values decreased toward grades III and IV OSF, with grade IV showing the least mast cell densities. Conclusion: Excessive areca nut chewing may stimulate collagen synthesis by fibroblasts, enhancing fibrosis, and in turn, raising the plasma fibrinogen levels and thereby the FDPs and d-dimers associated with the advancement of the grade of OSF.

Evaluation of Lung Volume and Effect of Vital Staining as Motivation to Quit Tobacco among Nicotine Dependents of Kanpur, India

Abstract Objective: To quantify and compare respiratory functions and further screen the oral mucosa of tobacco and non-tobacco users. Material and Methods: First control group, non-tobacco users (n=55); Second group, smokers' group (n=168) who currently smoked cigarettes; Third group smokeless/chewing type, tobacco group (n=81); Fourth group, both smokeless and smoking type tobacco users (n=46). Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependences (FTND) and Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence-Smokeless Tobacco (FTND-ST) instruments were used to assess nicotine dependence. Subsequently, spirometry and Toluidine Blue (TB) vital staining were performed. Chi-squared and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used for statistical analysis. Results: Fagerstrom test resulted in 48.8% of subjects with low dependency, followed by an increase in nicotine dependency from low to moderate (29.2%), moderate (15.6%), and highly dependent (6.4%) groups. All respiratory function tests and oral screening confirmed significant changes amongst tobacco and non-tobacco users. The forced vital capacity of non-smoker group was significantly different from other tobacco users' group (p<0.05). Conclusion: Early effects of tobacco use can lead to complications with the respiratory system and oral cavity. Such data can be used to delineate the harm of tobacco and should be used to urge individuals to evade the utilization of tobacco (AU).

Determination of Role of Type 16 Human Papillomavirus and Risk Factors in Assessing Oropharyngeal Cancer Survival.

BACKGROUND: It is ascertained that the survival rate of patients infected with type 16 human papillomavirus (HPV16) positive is better as compared to those infected with HPV16 negative. The present study was conducted to determine rgw role of HPV16 and risk factors in assessing oropharyngeal cancer (OPC) death. METHODOLOGY: A total of 102 clinically and histologically proven cases of oral pharyngeal cancer were included. Seropositivity for HPV16 E6 as a marker of HPV16-positive cancer was estimated. RESULTS: Out of 102 patients, there were 70 males and 32 females. Significant risk factors associated with OPC survival overall in the univariate analysis was female sex (hazard ratio [HR] 0.54, 95% confidence level [CL]: 0.36-80), alcohol use >2 drinks/day (HR 1.54, 95% CL: 1.12-2.08), smoking >10 pack-years (HR 2.20, 95% CL: 1.42-3.58), moderate dental (HR 1.54, 95% CL: 1.02-2.32), underweight (HR 2.24, 95% CL: 1.34-3.60), and Stage IV cancer (HR 2.82, 95% CL: 1.76-4.40). There was significant low risk for death among HPV16 positive (HR 0.48, 95% CL: 0.32-0.70). CONCLUSION: HPV16 status is an independent prognostic factor for OPC deaths. The common risk factors were female gender, moderate oral care, underweight body mass index, excessive alcohol, and smoking tobacco.

Evaluation of Effect of Glucosamine-Chondroitin Sulfate, Tramadol, and Sodium Hyaluronic Acid on Expression of Cytokine Levels in Internal Derangement of Temporomandibular Joint.

AIM: Evaluation of the effect of glucosamine-chondroitin combination, tramadol, and sodium hyaluronic acid in temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders and its impact on the expression of various cytokines such as IL-6, IL-1ß, TNF-α, and PGE2. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The present study was conducted on 60 patients (males-30, females-30) suffering from internal derangement such as disc displacement with reduction of TMJ. The patients were divided into three groups of 20 each. Group I received a combination of 1.5g of glucosamine and 1.2 g of chondroitin sulfate per day and group II received 50 mg tramadol HCL peroral. Group III received sodium hyaluronate 10 mg/mL, 2 mL injection syringe on each joint. Pain (VAS) scale and maximum mouth opening (MMO) was measured. The level of IL-6, IL-1ß, TNF-α, and PGE2 levels were measured using Enzyme-linked immuno sorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS: There was an improvement in maximum mouth opening in all three groups (p < 0.05). There was a reduction in pain in all groups. IL- 1ß, TNF-α, and PGE2 leve ls showed reduction while IL-6 showed an increase in value in group II and III. CONCLUSION: The efficacy of glucosamine chondroitin sulfate , tramadol and hyaluronic acid in TMJ disorders has been found to be effective. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: IL-6, IL-1ß, TNF-α, and PGE2 levels indicate the risk of TMJ disorders. Thus earlier assessment of their levels helps in diagnosis, and better management may be done.

Cryotherapy for Treatment of Mouth Mucocele.

A mucocele is a common salivary gland disorder that most commonly affects young adults. A 35-year-old female patient reported to the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, with the chief complaint of swelling on the left side of floor of mouth. The aim of this case report is to present the management of mucocele present in floor of the mouth in a young female patient using liquid nitrogen cryosurgery. The present case report has also discussed mechanism of action, current protocol of cryosurgery with emphasis on clinical pros and cons along with the clinical outcomes.

A comparative study of retention of complete denture base with different types of posterior palatal seals - an in vivo study.

AIM: To evaluate retention of complete denture base with different types of posterior palatal seals. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Ten male patients between the age group of 50 years to 60 years were selected for the study. After the primary and secondary impressions were taken, five casts were made including a cast without posterior palatal seal, a cast with single bead posterior palatal seal, a cast with double bead posterior palatal seal, a cast with butterfly shaped posterior palatal seal, and a cast with posterior palatal seal with low fusing compound by functional method. RESULTS: It was observed that retention increased up to 108% in the posterior palatal seal with low fusing compound with functional method and the posterior palatal seal that was obtained by using functional method provided greater retention than a denture base without posterior palatal seal. CONCLUSION: It was concluded that the incorporation of a posterior palatal seal is important for obtaining optimum retention of the maxillary complete denture.