Correction: Nordin et al. The State of the Art of Natural Polymer Functionalized Fe3O4 Magnetic Nanoparticle Composites for Drug Delivery Applications: A Review. Gels 2023, 9, 121.

In the original publication [...].

Salmonella serovars trend in poultry Malaysia from 2011 to 2020.

Data and geographical trend of Salmonella serovars infecting poultry in Malaysia is limited. In this study, the trend of Salmonella serovars infection was presented for the past ten years from 2011 to 2020 and the predominant serovars were mapped based on geographical distribution. Analysis of passive surveillance data demonstrated a shift of Salmonella serovars that infected poultry in Malaysia. The Salmonella serovars varied within ten years of registered cases with the Veterinary Research Institute, Ipoh, Malaysia involving samples from live and dead birds. Total number of cases found from the year 2011 to 2020 were 391 cases, involving 73 Salmonella serovars with an additional one group of unclassified serovars known as Salmonella spp. Further analysis revealed that eight serovars were found predominant throughout the ten-year period. These included S. Albany, S. Braenderup, S. Brancaster, S. Corvallis, S. Enteritidis, S. Kentucky, S. Typhimurium and S. Weltevreden. Salmonella spp. (Salmonella that is incapable to be identified based on serotyping) were also one of the major groups observed throughout the years. This study could help the authorities to improvise policies for better disease control programs through the establishment of diagnostic tools for rapid Salmonella screening in poultry.

Natural Polymeric Composites Derived from Animals, Plants, and Microbes for Vaccine Delivery and Adjuvant Applications: A Review.

A key element in ensuring successful immunization is the efficient delivery of vaccines. However, poor immunogenicity and adverse inflammatory immunogenic reactions make the establishment of an efficient vaccine delivery method a challenging task. The delivery of vaccines has been performed via a variety of delivery methods, including natural-polymer-based carriers that are relatively biocompatible and have low toxicity. The incorporation of adjuvants or antigens into biomaterial-based immunizations has demonstrated better immune response than formulations that just contain the antigen. This system may enable antigen-mediated immunogenicity and shelter and transport the cargo vaccine or antigen to the appropriate target organ. In this regard, this work reviews the recent applications of natural polymer composites from different sources, such as animals, plants, and microbes, in vaccine delivery systems.

The State of the Art of Natural Polymer Functionalized Fe3O4 Magnetic Nanoparticle Composites for Drug Delivery Applications: A Review.

Natural polymers have received a great deal of interest for their potential use in the encapsulation and transportation of pharmaceuticals and other bioactive compounds for disease treatment. In this perspective, the drug delivery systems (DDS) constructed by representative natural polymers from animals (gelatin and hyaluronic acid), plants (pectin and starch), and microbes (Xanthan gum and Dextran) are provided. In order to enhance the efficiency of polymers in DDS by delivering the medicine to the right location, reducing the medication's adverse effects on neighboring organs or tissues, and controlling the medication's release to stop the cycle of over- and under-dosing, the incorporation of Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles with the polymers has engaged the most consideration due to their rare characteristics, such as easy separation, superparamagnetism, and high surface area. This review is designed to report the recent progress of natural polymeric Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles in drug delivery applications, based on different polymers' origins.

The Role of Nitrogen-Doped TiO2 Supported by Platinum Catalyst Synthesized via Various Mode Preparations for Photocatalytic Enhancement.

The limitations of TiO2 as a photocatalyst such as the larger bandgap energy, which only activates under the UV region, give a lower photocatalytic activity. This study reports the role of the N and Pt co-dopant on the modification of the TiO2 photocatalyst for photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue dye under different mode preparations, i.e., sequential and vice-versa modes. The sequential mode preparation of the N and Pt co-dopant TiO2 photocatalyst consisted of the initial preparation of the N-doped TiO2 (N-TiO2) under the calcination method, which was then further doped with platinum (Pt) through the photodeposition process labeled as NPseq-TiO2, while the vice-versa mode was labeled as PNrev-TiO2. About 1.58 wt.% of N element was found in the NPseq-TiO2 photocatalyst, while there was no presence of N element detected in PNrev-TiO2, confirmed through an elemental analyzer (CHNS-O) and (EDX) analysis. The optimum weight percentage of Pt for both modes was detected at about ±2.0 wt.%, which was confirmed by inductively coupled plasma-emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). The photoactivity under methylene blue (MB) dye degradation of the NPseq-TiO2 photocatalyst was 2 and 1.5 times faster compared to the unmodified TiO2 and PNrev-TiO2, where the photodegradation rates were, ca., 0.065 min-1 and 0.078 min-1, respectively. This was due to the N elements being incorporated with the TiO2 lattice, which was proven by UV-Vis/DRS where the bandgap energy of NPseq-TiO2 was reduced from 3.2 eV to 2.9 eV. In addition, the N generated a stronger PL signal due to the formation of oxygen vacancies defects on the surface of the NPseq-TiO2 photocatalyst. The higher specific surface area as well as higher pore volume for the NPseq-TiO2 photocatalyst enhanced its photocatalytic activity. Moreover, the NPseq-TiO2 showed the lowest COD value, and it was completely mineralized after 7 h of light irradiation. The preparation order did not affect the Pt dopant but did for the N element. Therefore, it is significant to investigate different mode preparations of the N and Pt co-dopant for the modification of TiO2 to produce a good-quality photocatalyst for photocatalytic study under the photodegradation of MB dye.

Risk Factors Associated with Cyberbullying, Cybervictimization, and Cyberbullying-Victimization in Iran's High School Students.

Objective: This study aimed at finding the risk and protective factors of cyberbullying. Method : A total of 425 high school students (199 boys and 226 girls) were selected using a cluster randomized procedure. The risk and protective factors included gender, internet use, self-esteem, dark triad traits (Machiavellianism, narcissism and psychopathy), school bullying perpetration, school bullying victimization, interparental conflict, and school climate. Results: The results of multinomial logistic regression showed that being male, school bullying perpetration, and school bullying victimization can significantly increase the chances of being a cyberbully-victim and spending one hour or less on the internet can significantly decrease the chances of being a cyberbully-victim. Conclusion: This study provides important implications for any prevention and intervention programs for cyberbullying, which must consider the roles of traditional bullying, gender differences, and internet use in cyberbullying behavior.

Evaluating the relationship between information literacy and evidence-based nursing and their impact on knowledge and attitude of nurses working in hospitals affiliated to Kerman University of Medical Sciences on medication errors.

INTRODUCTION AND PURPOSE: Nowadays, due to the importance of information literacy in obtaining documented and credible information, the necessity of nurses to achieve high levels of information literacy to improve their performance in accessing documentary and scientific information has become more evident. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate information literacy, evidence-based nursing, nurses 'attitudes, nurses' knowledge, medication errors, Kerman University of Medical Sciences. METHODOLOGY: This study was a survey study. The study units were 164 nurses working in 4 hospitals of Kerman University of Medical Sciences. The participants were chosen by simple random sampling. The instrument used included four sections: demographic information, information literacy, evidence-based practice, and medication errors. Data were analyzed using software SPSS 22. RESULTS: The results of this study showed that nurses were familiar with the terminology used in evidence-based medicine (p < 0.0001). Also, in this study, there was a significant increase in nurses' attitude level and their ability to implement and use evidence-based nursing was observed. CONCLUSIONS: The result findings of the normal distribution of samples showed that 29% were male and 71% were female. The results show that there is a significant relationship between information literacy and evidence-based nursing. The direction of the relationship is positive (p < 0/05). This means that increased information literacy is associated with increased evidence-based nursing and on the contrary. The intensity of the relationship is moderate and it's equal to 0.37. The findings also showed that there is a significant relationship between information literacy and evidence-based nursing with the knowledge and attitude of nurses toward medication error.

The Effect of Information Therapy on Treatment Adherence among Patients Referred to Addiction Treatment Centers.

BACKGROUND: The low level of drug adherence in addicts who are quitting is one of the biggest challenges in the treatment and management of this disease. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of information therapy on adherence to treatment among the patients in addiction treatment centers. METHODS: The present quasi-experimental study was performed on 60 patients referred to addiction treatment centers in Jiroft City, Iran. The control and experimental groups were selected using simple random sampling method. The 8-item Morisky Medication Adherence Scale was used for data collection. The level of adherence to treatment was assessed before and after the intervention, which consisted of 6 one-hour training sessions per week. FINDINGS: The adherence to medication was low in both experimental and control groups before the notification. However, the chi-square value obtained by comparing the frequencies of the experimental and control groups in three variables of adherence level (high, moderate, and low) was 9.84 which was statistically significant (P = 0.007). Therefore, there was a significant difference between the experimental and control groups after information therapy. In fact, the information in the experimental group had a significant and positive effect. CONCLUSION: Because of the low level of adherence to treatment, it is recommended to use information therapy to give information on timely and correct use of drugs as well as its importance in the treatment of addiction; so that the level of adherence would improve.

Victimization in traditional and cyberbullying as risk factors for substance use, self-harm and suicide attempts in high school students.

BACKGROUND: Traditional bullying (or peer bullying) is considered a common and unpleasant experience among students and has serious consequences such as mental health problems and unhealthy behavior. In recent years, another type of bullying named cyberbullying has emerged as a growing problem with negative effects on school achievement, physiology, and mental health of its victims. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this research is to examine and compare the roles of traditional and cyberbullying victimization in substance use, self-harm and suicide attempts. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study and conducted in 2019. A total of 425 high school students were selected for the study in Kermanshah, Iran. For conducting the survey, a multi-stage cluster randomized procedure was used and 18 classes in six different high schools in three urban areas were selected. A total of 400 students (mean age 16.61 years, 53.2% girls) responded to the survey, and it provided usable information for the research. Data were analyzed through binary logistic regression analyses. RESULTS: The analysis results revealed that 54.2% of students (n = 217) have experienced traditional or cyber victimization. Any kind of victimization was associated with self-harm. Cyber victimization alone and the combination of cyber plus traditional victimization showed significant association with suicide and substance use. Risk of substance use, self-harm, and suicide was higher when students experienced both types of bullying than when they experienced just one kind of bullying alone. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study suggest that traditional and cyber victims may require immediate intervention to reduce the negative effects of victimization. Also, prevention programs should consider the possible relationship between traditional and cyber victimization and substance use, self-harm, and suicide.

Comparative Investigation of Health Literacy Level of Cardiovascular Patients Hospitalized in Private and Educational Hospitals of Kerman City, Iran.

INTRODUCTION: literacy involves a complex set of abilities to understand and use symbolic systems of a culture for personal development and social development in a diverse set of skills required as an adult to exercise behavior are considered in society. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate Comparative investigation of health literacy level of cardiovascular patients hospitalized in private and public educational hospitals of Kerman city. METHODS: This study used survey methods, analytical and cross-sectional manner. Data was collected through questionnaires distributed among 200 patients of cardiovascular-hospitalization took place in the city of Kerman. To analyze the data in the description of the mean, standard deviation and frequency distribution tables and the level of analysis to determine the relationship between gender and marital status of health literacy test or nonparametric test Mann-Whitney T-Test and, for the relationship between group employment and residence, a one-way analysis of variance or Kruskal-Wallis test, to evaluate the relationship between age and income, Pearson and Spearman correlation to investigate the relationship between level of education and health literacy of SPPS software version 21 was used. RESULTS: The results showed that 10% of patients at educational hospitals in Kerman adequate health literacy, and 48% of patients in private hospitals had adequate health literacy. As a result, there is a significant difference of health literacy between the two types of hospital (p-value <0/0001). CONCLUSIONS: The results showed that most patients had inadequate and border health literacy have been. Health plans, preparation of simple educational system and understanding, spending more time and have a discussion with the lower speed In connection with the patient's doctor and medical staff, Including ways to help patients with low health literacy and improve their health literacy is.

Postgraduate medical students' acceptance and understanding of scientific information databases and electronic resources.

INTRODUCTION: The significance and validity of web-based scientific databases are increasing dramatically in the scientific community. Moreover, a great number of students use these resources without having sufficient and accurate knowledge and understanding. In order for students to use these databases and electronic resources optimally, identifying the factors that affect the understanding and acceptance of these resources seems necessary. The aim of this study was to determine postgraduate medical students' acceptance and understanding of these resources. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 311 postgraduate medical students from Kerman University of Medical Science (KMU) in 2013. Data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire, and the data were analyzed using SPSS. In order to design the model (i.e., the interaction between study variables and to determine the relationships between them in an integrated pattern), LISREL version 8.7 and a structural equation model were used. Descriptive statistics and t-tests also were used in data analysis. RESULTS: The results showed that the average components of the perception of usefulness, perception of ease of use, attitude towards use, decision to use, using to perform duties, and using to increase knowledge were 4.31, 4.14, 4.24, 16.27, 20.85, and 16.13 respectively. Accordingly, the average of all these indicators was significantly higher than the assumed amount (p < 0.01). Moreover, the results obtained from factor analysis and the structural equation model indicated that the model of the present study fit the data perfectly. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the findings of this study, the more these databases are considered useful and easy to use, the more they are used. Therefore, designers of databases and electronic resources can design systems that are both useful and easy to learn by considering the components of the research model.