State-of-art of genetic programming applications in water-resources systems analysis.

Evolutionary algorithms (EAs) have become competitive solvers of a wide variety of water-resources optimization problems. Genetic programming (GP) has become a leading EA since its inception in 1985. This paper reviews the state-of-the-art of GP and its applications in water-resources systems analysis. A comprehensive knowledge about GP's theory and modeling approach is essential for its successful application in water-resources systems analysis. This review presents variants of GP that have been proven useful in various applications to water resources problems. Several examples of applications of GP in water-resources systems analysis are herein presented. This review reveals GP's capability and superiority compared to other conventional methods, which makes it suitable for solving a wide variety of water-related problems including rainfall-runoff modeling, streamflow sediment prediction, flood prediction and routing, evaporation and evapotranspiration forecasting, reservoir operation, groundwater modeling, water quality modeling, water demand forecasting, and water distribution systems.

Comparing Hemorrhages and Dysmenorrhea with Copper T380A and Multiload 375 Intrauterine Devices: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

INTRODUCTION: One of the most common complications of IUD users is bleeding and dysmenorrhea. These complications vary in the different types of IUDs. The aim of this study was to compare the bleeding and dysmenorrhea in ML CU 375 IUD and Copper T 380A IUD. METHODS: This randomized double-blind controlled clinical trial was performed on 48 women in a health care centres from January to October 2012, in Tabriz, Iran. Participants allocated into two equal groups of receiving IUD ML CU 375 or receiving IUD Copper T 380A in randomized blocking method. Data were collected by demographic questionnaire and Higham chart and Visual Analog Scale 1 month before IUD insertion and 4 months after IUD insertion. Analysis of covariance, ANOVA with repeated measures, Friedman, Ordinal regression and SPSS Ver. 13 were used to analysis the data. RESULTS: The results showed that the mean score of bleeding in the first four months after IUD insertion in IUD ML CU 375 users was significantly lower than IUD Copper T 380A group. In the third and fourth months in both groups showed severity of dysmenorrhea in group IUD ML CU 375 was lower than IUD Copper T 380A. The results showed that the duration of dysmenorrhea in the first four months after IUD insertion in IUD ML CU 375 group was significantly lower than IUD Copper T 380A group. CONCLUSION: Counseling and educating women by family planning service providers about both Copper T 380A and ML CU 375 IUDs before taking IUD is recommended.

Satisfaction of women from cesarean section care services in public and private hospitals of Tabriz.

BACKGROUND: Consumer satisfaction is recognized as an important parameter for assessing the quality of patient care services. MATERIALS AND METHODS: By using quota sampling method and questionnaire device, 392 mothers were selected who had been hospitalized for cesarean section in the public and private hospitals of Tabriz. statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 13, descriptive statistics, independent t-test, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and correlation tests were used for data analysis. RESULTS: Findings indicated that the highest rate for mothers' satisfaction was in the physical and comfort categories and the least satisfaction was in the informational aspect. The analysis of data showed significant difference between mothers' satisfaction with all aspects of care in the public and private hospitals (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The results showed that mothers were more satisfied of physical and comfortable aspects, but informational aspect of care in both kinds of hospitals was low and there is a need for promote aspect.