Trunk muscle endurance in individuals with and without patellofemoral pain: Sex differences and correlations with performance tests.

OBJECTIVES: To compare trunk muscle endurance among females and males with and without patellofemoral pain (PFP), and to investigate the correlations between trunk muscle endurance and performance of the single leg hop test (SLHT) and forward step-down test (FSDT). DESIGN: Cross-sectional. SETTING: Laboratory-based study. PARTICIPANTS: 110 females and 38 males with PFP, 61 females and 31males without PFP. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Anterior and lateral trunk muscle endurance were assessed with the prone and bilateral side-bridge tests, respectively. Performance during the SLHT and FSDT was also assessed. RESULTS: Lower anterior and lateral trunk muscle endurance were identified in females (p < .001; d = -0.74 to -0.86), but not in males (p ≥ .806; d = -0.04 to 0.05) with PFP as compared to sex-matched controls. Moderate to large, positive correlations between anterior and lateral trunk muscle endurance with performance in the SLHT and FSDT were identified in females (r = .27 to .50; p < .004) and males (r = 0.27 to 0.59; p < .031) with PFP and females without PFP (r = 0.26 to 0.40; p < .044). CONCLUSION: Our findings highlight that assessing trunk muscle endurance is advised in females with PFP. Trunk muscle endurance of individuals with PFP may have a role in the performance of hopping and stepping down tasks.

Knee flexor strength, rate of torque development and flexibility in women and men with patellofemoral pain: Relationship with pain and the performance in the single leg bridge test.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the relationship between: (1) knee flexor strength, rate of torque development (RTD), and flexibility with pain level; (2) knee flexor strength and RTD with the performance in the single leg bridge test (SLBT) in women and men with patellofemoral pain (PFP). DESIGN: Cross-sectional. SETTING: Laboratory-based study. PARTICIPANTS: 39 women and 36 men with PFP. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Knee flexor strength, RTD, and flexibility; performance in the SLBT, current, and worst pain level. RESULTS: Moderate to strong significant negative relationships were identified between the current pain level with knee flexor strength (r = -0.57 to -0.34) and flexibility (r = -0.44 to -0.35); and between knee flexor strength and RTD with the performance in the SLBT (r = 0.34 to 0.57) in women and men with PFP. Knee flexor RTD was not related to any pain level and no significant relationships were identified between the worst pain level with knee flexor strength and flexibility in women and men with PFP. CONCLUSIONS: Our results support the potential value of assessing knee flexor strength and flexibility in women and men with PFP. The SLBT may be a useful tool to assess knee flexor muscle capacity in individuals with PFP in a clinical setting.

Knee crepitus is not associated with the occurrence of total knee replacement in knee osteoarthritis - a longitudinal study with data from the Osteoarthritis Initiative.

OBJECTIVE(S): To investigate whether the presence of knee crepitus is associated with the occurrence of total knee replacement (TKR), quality of life and deficits in physical function at long-term. METHODS: Setting - This observational study uses longitudinal data (up to 4-year follow-up) from the Osteoarthritis Initiative (OAI). Participants - 4566 participants. Main Outcome Measure(s) - Logistic regression models were used to test if baseline knee crepitus is associated with the occurrence of TKR. Linear mixed models with adjustment for confounding variables (age, gender, BMI and Kellgren-Lawrence grade) were used to test the association between baseline knee crepitus and longitudinal changes in the pain, self-reported physical function, quality of life and performance-based function. RESULTS: The presence of knee crepitus at baseline does not predict the occurrence of TKR at 36 months (p=0.58 and 0.67 for right and left knees, respectively). The crepitus group presented a slightly knee extension strength decline from baseline to 48 months (p=0.03 for the right and 0.01 for the left knee; between group difference=2% for both right [95%CI=-0.12; -0.01] and left knees [95%CI=-0.13; -0.02]). CONCLUSION: The presence of knee crepitus is not associated with the occurrence of TKR in the following three years. Knee crepitus is associated with slightly declines in knee extension strength, but this does not seem to affect physical function and quality of life at long-term.

Kinesiophobia, but not strength is associated with altered movement in women with patellofemoral pain.

BACKGROUND: Evidence indicates the presence of both kinesiophobia and knee extension strength deficits in women with patellofemoral pain (PFP). Both impairments may contribute to apparent compensatory gait patterns including reduced cadence and peak knee flexion during stair negotiation. RESEARCH QUESTION: Is kinesiophobia or knee extension strength associated with movement pattern in women with patellofemoral pain? METHODS: Forty women with PFP were assessed with three-dimensional kinematic analyses during stair descent; isokinetic dynamometry of the knee extensors (isometric, concentric and eccentric); and the Tampa scale for kinesiophobia. Pearson coefficients were calculated to determine relationship among variables. RESULTS: Kinesiophobia correlated significantly with cadence (r = -0.62, p < 0.001), and peak knee flexion (r = -0.76, p < 0.001). No significant correlations were found between any knee extensor strength variables and kinematics (cadence or peak knee flexion); or kinesiophobia (p > 0.05). SIGNIFICANCE: Findings of this study could suggest addressing strength impairments alone may not adequately address kinesiophobia and movement pattern impairments in women with PFP. However, high-quality randomised controlled trials are needed to test this assumption. Further value may be added if currently evidence-based knee strengthening exercise is combined with education and/or graded exposure to address kinesiophobia, and consideration to gait retraining to address altered movement patterns at the knee.

Manifestations of Pain Sensitization Across Different Painful Knee Disorders: A Systematic Review Including Meta-analysis and Metaregression.

OBJECTIVES: Previous reviews have reported that manifestations of pain sensitization may play an important role in the pain experienced by people with knee osteoarthritis. However, it is unknown if manifestations of pain sensitization are common features across other painful knee disorders or if sensitization requires targeted intervention. This review aims to synthesize the published research investigating manifestations of pain sensitization in painful knee disorders and to evaluate if the manifestations of pain sensitization change in response to treatment. METHODS: The systematic review protocol was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42015024211). We searched Medline, Embase, CINAHL, Web of Science, Sportsdiscus, and Cochrane Central for studies that investigated between-group differences (knee pain vs pain-free subjects) or the effect of treatment on manifestations of pain sensitization. Two reviewers independently assessed studies for inclusion and quality. Available data were synthesized via predetermined levels of evidence, meta-analysis, and metaregression where possible. RESULTS: Fifty-two studies investigating evidence related to pain sensitization distributed across four different painful knee disorders were identified. CONCLUSIONS: Our meta-analysis provides evidence of pain sensitization in people with knee osteoarthritis (strong evidence), people with patellofemoral pain (moderate evidence), and postmeniscectomy patients (very limited evidence). However, conflicting evidence exists in patellar tendinopathy. Metaregression indicates that pain is associated with pressure pain thresholds in knee osteoarthritis. In people with knee osteoarthritis and patellofemoral pain, several interventions were found to reduce manifestations of pain sensitization. This review highlights that pain sensitization may be amenable to treatment through exercise therapy, mobilization, and pharmacological and surgical intervention.

What are the clinical implications of knee crepitus to individuals with knee osteoarthritis? An observational study with data from the Osteoarthritis Initiative.

BACKGROUND: Crepitus is a common clinical feature of knee osteoarthritis. However, the importance of crepitus in the overall clinical presentation of individuals with knee osteoarthritis is unknown. OBJECTIVE(S): (A) To compare function, pain and quality of life between individuals with knee osteoarthritis with and without crepitus; (B) to compare whether individuals with knee osteoarthritis in both knees, but crepitus in just one, differ in terms of function pain, and knee strength. METHODS: Setting: Observational study. PARTICIPANTS: (A) A total of 584 participants with crepitus who had the same Kellgren-Lawrence grade on both knees were matched for gender, body mass index and Kellgren-Lawrence grade to participants without crepitus on both knees. (B) 361 participants with crepitus in only one knee and with the same Kellgren-Lawrence grade classification on both knees were included. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): A - Self-reported function, pain, quality of life, 20-m walk test and chair-stand test. B -Knee extensor and flexor strength, self-reported function and pain. RESULTS: A - Individuals with crepitus had lower self-reported function, quality of life and higher pain compared to those without crepitus (3-11%; small effect=0.17-0.41, respectively). No difference was found in objective function between groups. B - Self-reported function was lower in the limb with crepitus compared to the limb without crepitus (15%; trivial effect=0.09). No difference was found in pain and knee strength between-groups. CONCLUSION(S): Individuals with knee osteoarthritis and knee crepitus have slightly lower self-reported physical function and knee-related quality of life (small or trivial effect). However, the presence of knee crepitus is not associated with objective function or knee strength.

Patellar Tendon Reflex and Vastus Medialis Hoffmann Reflex Are Down Regulated and Correlated in Women With Patellofemoral Pain.

OBJECTIVES: The aims of this study were threefold: (1) to compare the amplitude of patellar tendon reflex (T-reflex) between women with patellofemoral pain (PFP) and pain-free controls; (2) to compare the amplitude of vastus medialis Hoffmann reflex (VM H-reflex) between women with PFP and pain-free controls; (3) to investigate the association between the amplitude of patellar T-reflex and VM H-reflex in women with PFP and pain-free controls. DESIGN: Cross-sectional observational study. SETTING: Laboratory of biomechanics and motor control. PARTICIPANTS: Thirty women with PFP and 30 pain-free women aged 18 to 35 years (N=60). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Peak-to-peak amplitudes of maximal VM H-reflex (elicited via electrical stimulation on the femoral nerve) and patellar T-reflex (elicited via mechanical percussion on the patellar tendon) were estimated. RESULTS: Women with PFP had significant lower amplitude of patellar T-reflex (mean difference=0.086; 95% confidence interval=0.020 to 0.151; P=.010; moderate effect) and VM H-reflex (mean difference=0.150; 95% confidence interval =0.073 to 0.227; P<.001; large effect) compared to pain-free controls. The VM H-reflex was strongly correlated with patellar T-reflex in both PFP group (r=0.66; P<.001) and control group (r=0.72; P<.001). CONCLUSIONS: As the T-reflex is easier to perform than H-reflex assessments in a clinical setting, it represents a feasible option to assess the impaired excitability of the stretch reflex pathway associated with PFP.

Implications of knee crepitus to the overall clinical presentation of women with and without patellofemoral pain.

OBJECTIVES: Compare anthropometric characteristics, function, kinesiophobia, catastrophism and knee extensor strength between women (i) with PFP and crepitus (PFPcrepitus); (ii) with PFP and no crepitus (PFPNOcrepitus); (iii) without PFP and crepitus (Pain-freecrepitus); and (iv) without PFP and no crepitus (Pain-freeNOcrepitus). DESIGN: Cross-sectional. SETTING: Laboratory study. PARTICIPANTS: 65 women with PFP and 51 pain-free women. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Objective assessment of knee crepitus, forward step-down and single leg hop tests; knee extensor strength tests; and subjective ratings of function, kinesiophobia, pain catastrophising and knee stiffness. RESULTS: Crepitus was more common in women with PFP (50.7%) compared to those without (33.3%) (χ(1)2=4.17;p=0.031). PFPcrepitus and PFPNOcrepitus groups had lower self-reported function; and higher kinesiophobia, catastrophism and knee stiffness compared to Pain-freecrepitus and Pain-freeNOcrepitus groups (p < 0.001). PFPcrepitus, PFPNOcrepitus and Pain-freecrepitus groups had lower functional performance compared to the Pain-freeNOcrepitus group (p < 0.040). PFPcrepitus and PFPNOcrepitus groups had lower isometric, concentric and eccentric knee extensor strength compared to the Pain-freeNOcrepitus group (p < 0.041), but not the pain-freecrepitus group. PFPcrepitus presented higher BMI than other groups (p = 0.001). CONCLUSION: Kinesiophobia, catastrophism, knee stiffness, strength and physical function are all impaired in women with PFP, regardless of crepitus. In pain-free women, crepitus was associated with poorer objective function.

Knee crepitus is prevalent in women with patellofemoral pain, but is not related with function, physical activity and pain.

OBJECTIVES: (i) To assess the reliability of knee crepitus measures, (ii) to investigate the association between knee crepitus and PFP; (iii) to investigate the relationship between knee crepitus with self-reported function, physical activity and pain. DESIGN: Cross-sectional. SETTING: Laboratory-based study. PARTICIPANTS: 165 women with PFP and 158 pain-free women. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Knee crepitus test, anterior knee pain scale (AKPS) and self-reported worst knee pain in the last month, knee pain after 10 squats and knee pain after 10 stairs climbing. RESULTS: Knee crepitus clinical test presented high reliability Kappa value for PFP group was 0.860 and for pain-free group was 0.906. There is a significantly greater proportion of those with crepitus in the PFP group than in the pain-free group (OR = 4.19). Knee crepitus had no relationship with function (rpb = 0.03; p = 0.727), physical activity level (rpb = 0.010; p = 0.193), worst pain (rpb = 0.11; p = 0.141), pain climbing stairs (rpb = 0.10; p = 0.194) and pain squatting (rpb = 0.02; p = 0.802). CONCLUSION: Women who presents knee crepitus have 4 times greater odds to be in a group with PFP compared to those who do not. However, knee crepitus has no relationship with self-reported clinical outcomes of women with PFP.

What interventions can improve quality of life or psychosocial factors of individuals with knee osteoarthritis? A systematic review with meta-analysis of primary outcomes from randomised controlled trials.

OBJECTIVE: To systematically review evidence of primary outcomes from randomised controlled trials (RCTs) examining the effect of treatment strategies on quality of life (QoL) or psychosocial factors in individuals with knee osteoarthritis (OA). DESIGN: Systematic review with meta-analysis. DATA SOURCES: Medline, Embase, SPORTDiscus, the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) and Web of Science were searched from inception to November 2017. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA FOR SELECTING STUDIES: We included RCTs investigating the effect of conservative interventions on QoL or psychosocial factors in individuals with knee OA. Only RCTs considering these outcomes as primary were included. RESULTS: Pooled data supported the use of exercise therapy compared with controls for improving health-related and knee-related QoL. There was limited evidence that a combined treatment of yoga, transcutaneous electrical stimulation and ultrasound may be effective in improving QoL. Limited evidence supported the use of cognitive behavioural therapies (with or without being combined with exercise therapy) for improving psychosocial factors such as self-efficacy, depression and psychological distress. SUMMARY/CONCLUSION: Exercise therapy (with or without being combined with other interventions) seems to be effective in improving health-related and knee-related QoL or psychosocial factors of individuals with knee OA. In addition, evidence supports the use of cognitive behavioural therapies (with or without exercise therapy) for improving psychosocial factors such as self-efficacy, depression and psychological distress in individuals with knee OA. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER: CRD42016047602.

A low proportion of systematic reviews in physical therapy are registered: a survey of 150 published systematic reviews.

BACKGROUND: Systematic reviews provide the best evidence about the effectiveness of healthcare interventions. Although systematic reviews are conducted with explicit and transparent methods, discrepancies might occur between the protocol and the publication. OBJECTIVES: To estimate the proportion of systematic reviews of physical therapy interventions that are registered, the methodological quality of (un)registered systematic reviews and the prevalence of outcome reporting bias in registered systematic reviews. METHODS: A random sample of 150 systematic reviews published in 2015 indexed on the PEDro database. We included systematic reviews written in English, Italian, Portuguese and Spanish. A checklist for assessing the methodological quality of systematic reviews tool was used. Relative risk was calculated to explore the association between meta-analysis results and the changes in the outcomes. RESULTS: Twenty-nine (19%) systematic reviews were registered. Funding and publication in a journal with an impact factor higher than 5.0 were associated with registration. Registered systematic reviews demonstrated significantly higher methodological quality (median=8) than unregistered systematic reviews (median=5). Nine (31%) registered systematic reviews demonstrated discrepancies between protocol and publication with no evidence that such discrepancies were applied to favor the statistical significance of the intervention (RR=1.16; 95% CI: 0.63-2.12). CONCLUSION: A low proportion of systematic reviews in the physical therapy field are registered. The registered systematic reviews showed high methodological quality without evidence of outcome reporting bias. Further strategies should be implemented to encourage registration.

Comparação do nível de dor femoropatelar, atividade física e qualidade de vida entre adolescentes do sexo feminino e masculino / Comparison of the level of patellofemoral pain, physical activity, and quality of life between female and male adolescents

OBJETIVOS: Comparar o nível da dor, o nível de atividade física e a qualidade de vida de adolescentes do sexo feminino e masculino com dor femoropatelar. MÉTODOS: Foram recrutados de escolas públicas e privadas da cidade de Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, 46 adolescentes do sexo feminino e 46 adolescentes do sexo masculino entre 12 e 18 anos. Para serem incluídos no estudo os adolescentes precisavam referir dor no joelho de início insidioso, exacerbada em algumas atividades apresentadas e com no mínimo seis semanas de duração. Além disso, os adolescentes deveriam reportar pior dor ao longo da semana anterior de pelo menos 30 mm na Escala Visual Analógica e não poderiam apresentar sinais, sintomas ou alguma ocorrência de qualquer outra disfunção no joelho. Os participantes foram solicitados a marcarem na Escala Visual Analógica o nível de dor no joelho auto reportado do último mês. A avaliação do nível de atividade física foi realizada por meio da aplicação do Baecke Questionnaire of Habitual Physical Activity e para investigar a qualidade de vida dos participantes, a subescala de qualidade de vida do questionário Knee Outcome in Osteoarthritis Survey foi utilizada. O teste t-independente foi utilizado para identificar diferenças entre os grupos em relação ao nível de atividade física, qualidade de vida e dor no joelho. RESULTADOS: Pela Escala Visual Analógica os adolescentes do sexo masculino apresentaram nível de dor no joelho no mês anterior de 5,1±1,4 e as adolescentes do sexo feminino de 4,4±1,6 (p=0,029). O escore de atividade física foi de 8,8±1,3 para os adolescentes do sexo masculino e de 7,5±1,6 para as do sexo feminino (p<0,001). A subescala de qualidade de vida resultou em 77,9±19,0 para as meninas adolescentes e em 70,8±13,5 para os adolescentes do sexo masculino (p=0,042). CONCLUSÕES: Entre adolescentes com dor femoropatelar, os do sexo masculino apresentaram maior nível de dor no joelho, maior nível de atividade física e menor qualidade de vida em comparação com as adolescentes do sexo feminino.

AIMS: To compare the level of pain, physical activity, and quality of life of female and male adolescents with patellofemoral pain. METHODS: A total of 46 female adolescents and 46 male adolescents aged 12 to 18 years were recruited from public and private schools in the town of Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil. To be included in the study, adolescents needed to report knee pain of insidious onset, exacerbated in some activities, and lasting for at least 6 weeks. In addition, adolescents should report worse pain over the previous week of at least 30 mm on the Visual Analog Scale and could not show signs, symptoms or any occurrence of any other knee dysfunction. The participants were requested to mark their self-reported knee pain in the last month on a Visual Analog Scale. The level of physical activity was evaluated by the Baecke Questionnaire of Habitual Physical Activity and the quality of life subscale of the Knee Outcome in Osteoarthritis Survey questionnaire was used to investigate the participants' quality of life. The independent t-test was used to find differences between the groups regarding the level of physical activity, quality of life, and knee pain. RESULTS: According to the Visual Analog Scale, male adolescents presented a level of knee pain of 5.1±1.4 in the previous month and female adolescents, of 4.4±1.6 (p = 0.029). The physical activity score was 8.8±1.3 for male adolescents and 7.5±1.6 for female ones (p<0.001). The quality of life subscale scores were 77.9±19.0 for adolescent girls and 70.8±13.5 for male adolescents (p=0.042). CONCLUSIONS: Among adolescents with patellofemoral pain, males had a higher level of knee pain, higher level of physical activity, and lower quality of life compared to female adolescents

ACURÁCIA DE TESTES FUNCIONAIS NA IDENTIFICAÇÃO DA PRÉ-ATIVAÇÃO DE MÚSCULOS LOMBOPÉLVICOS / ACCURACY OF FUNCTIONAL TESTS FOR IDENTIFYING ANTICIPATORY ACTIVATION OF THE LUMBOPELVIC MUSCLES / PRECISIÓN DE PRUEBAS FUNCIONALES EN LA IDENTIFICACIÓN DE LA PRE-ACTIVACIÓN DE LOS MÚSCULOS LUMBOPÉLVICOS

RESUMO Introdução: Ajustes antecipatórios (pré-ativação) dos músculos profundos do tronco aumentam a estabilidade lombopélvica. Estudos prévios demonstram que indivíduos assintomáticos podem apresentar atrasos no início de ativação muscular e alterações físico-funcionais. No entanto, não foram encontrados estudos que tenham verificado se testes físico-funcionais (TFF) são capazes de identificar alteração no início de ativação dos músculos estabilizadores lombopélvicos. Objetivo : Verificar os níveis de sensibilidade, especificidade e acurácia de um conjunto de testes de avaliação da capacidade física funcional para detectar alterações na pré-ativação dos músculos transverso do abdome/oblíquo interno (TrA/OI) e multífido lombar (ML) durante o teste de movimento rápido de flexão do ombro (TMRFO). Método : Participaram do estudo 27 voluntários assintomáticos para dor lombar, com média de idade de 23,8 anos (desvio padrão: 2,2), e que foram submetidos aos TFF e TMRFO para determinação do início da ativação dos músculos profundos do tronco por meio da eletromiografia de superfície. Foi verificada sensibilidade e especificidade e análise da acurácia através da curva ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristic) e teste de qui-quadrado para comparações entre porcentagens (p < 0,05) . Resultados : A "pré-ativação" foi a condição que ocorreu com maior frequência no grupo como um todo, bem como em ambos os gêneros, com exceção do TrA/OI no gênero feminino (χ2 = 0,28/P = 0,58). Entre todos os TFF aplicados, o de enrolamento repetitivo do tronco apresentou maior valor de sensibilidade, especificidade e área sob a curva ROC (0,75; 0,73; 0,74, respectivamente) . Conclusão : Entre os TFF avaliados, o de enrolamento repetitivo do tronco mostrou níveis aceitáveis de acurácia para identificar alterações na ativação da musculatura estabilizadora lombopélvica em voluntários assintomáticos para dor lombar. Assim, o teste de enrolamento repetitivo do tronco pode ser utilizado na clínica para predizer alterações na ativação dos músculos profundos do tronco.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Anticipatory adjustments (pre-activation) of the deep trunk muscles increase lumbopelvic stability. Previous studies have shown that asymptomatic individuals may experience delays in the start of muscle activation, as well as functional physical alterations. However, there are no studies that assess whether physical and functional tests (PFT) are able to identify changes in early activation of the lumbopelvic stabilizer muscles. Objective: To assess the levels of sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of a set of physical and functional performance tests to detect changes in anticipatory activation of the transversus abdominis/internal oblique muscles (TrA/OI) and lumbar multifidus (ML) during a task of fast shoulder flexion movements (FSFM) . Method: Twenty-seven volunteers, asymptomatic for low back pain, with a mean age of 23.8 (Standard deviation: 2.2) years, participated in the study. They were submitted to PFT and FSFM to determine the initial activation time of the deep trunk muscles through surface electromyography. Sensitivity and specificity were determined, and accuracy was analyzed by the ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristic) curve and chi-square test for comparisons between percentages (p<0.05) . Results: Anticipatory activation was the condition that occurred most frequently in the group as a whole, and in both genders, with the exception of TrA/OI in females (χ2=0.28/P=0.58). Among all the PFT assessed, the repetitive trunk flexion-extension test showed the highest values for sensitivity, specificity and area under the ROC curve (0.75; 0.73; 0.74, respectively). Conclusion: Among the PFT evaluated, the repetitive trunk flexion-extension test showed acceptable levels of accuracy for identifying changes in the activation of deep trunk muscles in volunteers who were asymptomatic for low back pain. Thus, the repetitive trunk flexion-extension test can be used clinically to predict changes in the activation of deep muscles of the trunk.

RESUMEN Introducción: Ajustes de anticipación (pre-activación) de los músculos profundos del tronco aumentan la estabilidad lumbopélvica. Estudios anteriores demostraron que individuos asintomáticos (sin dolor) pueden presentar retrasos en el inicio de la activación muscular y alteraciones físicas y funcionales. Sin embargo, no fueron encontrados estudios que hayan verificado si las pruebas físicas y funcionales (PFF) son capaces de identificar los cambios en la activación temprana de los músculos estabilizadores lumbopélvicos. Objetivo: Verificar los niveles de sensibilidad, especificidad y exactitud de un conjunto de pruebas de evaluación de la capacidad física funcional para detectar cambios en la pre-activación de los músculos transverso abdominal/oblicuo interno (TrA/OI) y multífido lumbar (ML) durante la prueba de movimiento rápido de flexión del hombro (PMRFH) . Método: Participaron del estudio 27 voluntarios, asintomáticos para el dolor lumbar, con una edad media de 23,8 años (desviación estándar: 2,2), sometidos a PFF y PMRFH para determinar el inicio de la activación de los músculos profundos del tronco mediante electromiografía de superficie. Se encontró una sensibilidad y especificidad y análisis de exactitud a través de la curva ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristic) y la prueba de chi-cuadrado para las comparaciones entre porcentajes (p < 0,05). Resultados: La "pre-activación" fue la condición que ocurrió con más frecuencia en el grupo como un todo y en ambos sexos, con excepción de TrA/OI en las mujeres (χ2 = 0,28/P = 0,58). Entre todos los PFF aplicados, la flexión repetitiva del tronco presentó un mayor valor de sensibilidad, especificidad y el área bajo la curva ROC (0,75; 0,73; 0,74, respectivamente) . Conclusión: Entre los PFF evaluados, la flexión repetitiva del tronco mostró niveles aceptables de exactitud para identificar cambios en la activación de los músculos estabilizadores lumbopélvicos en voluntarios asintomáticos para dolor lumbar. Así, la prueba de flexión repetitiva del tronco se puede utilizar clínicamente para predecir cambios en la activación de los músculos profundos del tronco.

Patellofemoral pain and sports practice: reduced symptoms and higher quality of life in adolescent athletes as compared to non-athletes

Patellofemoral pain (PFP) is common in athletes and physically active individuals and it is one of the most frequent knee disorders among adolescents. However, the impact of the severity of PFP symptoms on quality of life (QOL) has been barely investigated. Thus, we aimed to compare the level of PFP and the self-reported QOL between adolescent athletes and non-athletes, and to explore the relationship between the severity of PFP symptoms and QOL. Fifty-six adolescents with PFP (22 athletes and 34 non-athletes) were asked to fulfill the Anterior Knee Pain Scale (AKPS) and the QOL dimension of the Knee Outcome in Osteoarthritis Survey (KOOS). Between groups comparisons indicated that adolescent non-athletes presented higher severity of PFP symptoms and lower QOF as compared with adolescent athletes. Significant correlations between the severity of PFP and QOL were found for both groups, regardless of the athletic status.

Time performance and CoP displacement of hemiplegic subjects in a virtual reality game task: short and long-term effects of a training protocol / Desempenho de tempo e deslocamento do centro de pressão em hemiplégicos em uma tarefa de jogo de realidade virtual: efeitos de curto e longo prazo de um protocolo de treinamento / Desempeño de tiempo y desplazamiento del centro de presión en hemipléjicos en una tarea de juego de realidad virtual: efectos de curto y longo plazo de un protocolo de capacitación

ABSTRACT Video games with virtual interaction have been successfully used in physical therapy programs, although there is a lack of knowledge regarding evidence involving clinical results. This study aimed to evaluate learning and some parameters of the center of pressure (COP) displacement of a Nintendo Wii Fit task in hemiplegic and healthy subjects immediately after a rehabilitation training program and after a 3-month washout period. Twenty subjects being 10 hemiplegic and 10 healthy performed three assessments over different periods; Pre, Post and 3-months after rehabilitation training. Participants were positioned on the Wii Balance Board(r). The game task performed (Ski Slalom(r) game) involved mediolateral movements. During the task's execution, the Wii Balance Board(r) was placed on a force plate (AMTI OR-6, USA). As such, COP data displacement could be collected during the game. After the training, the hemiplegic subjects showed no change in COP sway pattern and this condition persisted after three months. However, both groups improved their time performance to finish the task after training and maintained the improvement in performance after 3-months. COP displacement of hemiplegic subjects did not change after training, healthy subjects were able to reduce their mediolateral and anteroposterior COP displacement.

RESUMO Jogos de vídeo game com interação virtual têm sido utilizados com sucesso em programas de tratamento fisioterapêuticos, embora, existam lacunas de conhecimento de evidências com relação a resultados clínicos. Esse estudo teve como objetivo avaliar parâmetros do centro de pressão (COP) e o desempenho em uma tarefa do Nintendo Wii Fit em sujeitos hemiplégicos e saudáveis imediatamente após um programa de treinamento e após um período de 3 meses sem treino. Vinte sujeitos, 10 hemiplégicos e 10 saudáveis foram avaliados em 3 diferentes momentos Pré, Pós e 3 Meses após o treinamento. Os participantes foram posicionados sob a Wii Balance Board(r). O jogo executado (Ski Slalom(r) game) envolvia deslocamento no sentido médio-lateral. Durante a execução, a Wii Balance Board(r) foi colocada sob uma plataforma de força. Então, os dados de deslocamento do COP puderam ser coletados durante a realização do jogo. Após o treinamento, os sujeitos hemiplégicos não alteraram o padrão de deslocamento do COP. Entretanto, ambos os grupos melhoraram o tempo de execução da tarefa e mantiveram a melhora após 3 meses. Apesar disso, os sujeitos hemiplégicos não reduziram o deslocamento do COP e os sujeitos assintomáticos reduziram o deslocamento do COP no sentido mediolateral e anteroposterior.

RESUMEN Se utilizan juegos de videojuego con interacción virtual con suceso en programas de tratamientos terapéuticos, aunque existan déficits de conocimiento de evidencias en relación a resultados clínicos. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar parámetros del centro de presión (COP) y el desempeño en una tarea del Nintendo Wii Fit en sujetos hemipléjicos y saludables inmediatamente después de un programa de capacitación y después de un período de 3 meses sin entrenamiento. Se evaluaron veinte sujetos, 10 hemipléjicos y 10 saludables, en 3 diferentes momentos: pre, pos y 3 meses después del entrenamiento. Se posicionaron los participantes sobre la Wii Balance Board(r). El juego ejecutado (Ski Slalom(r) game) se trataba del desplazamiento en el sentido medio-lateral. Durante la ejecución, se colocó la Wii Balance Board(r) en una plataforma de fuerza. Entonces, los datos de desplazamiento del COP pudieron ser colectados durante la realización del juego. Después de la capacitación, los sujetos hemipléjicos no alteraron el patrón de desplazamiento del COP. Sin embargo, ambos los grupos mejoraron el tiempo de ejecución de la tarea y mantuvieron la mejora después de 3 meses. A pesar de esto, el desplazamiento del COP de los sujetos hemipléjicos no disminuyó, y los sujetos asintomáticos tuvieron su desplazamiento reducido en el sentido mediolateral y anteroposterior.

Ângulo Q e pronação subtalar não são bons preditores de dor e função em indivíduos com síndrome da dor femoropatelar / Ángulo Q y pronación subtalar no son buenos predictores del dolor y función en individuos con síndrome de dolor femoropatelar / Q angle and subtalar pronation are not good predictors of pain and function in individuals with patellofemoral pain syndrome

RESUMO Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a capacidade dos testes clínicos de mensuração do ângulo Q e pronação subtalar em predizer a dor e as limitações funcionais referidas por indivíduos com Síndrome da Dor Femoropatelar (SDFP). Trinta e um indivíduos com SDFP foram recrutados para este estudo. O questionário Anterior Knee Pain Scale foi utilizado para identificar as limitações funcionais, e a Escala Visual Analógica de dor para a dor vivenciada por esses indivíduos referente ao último mês. Foram realizados dois testes clínicos estáticos, mensuração do ângulo Q e mensuração da postura da pronação subtalar. Os valores dos testes foram inseridos em modelos de regressão linear e múltipla para a obtenção do R2 e dos coeficientes de regressão para medidas não contínuas padronizadas com o nível de significância estabelecido em α=0,05. Ambos os testes, quando inseridos isoladamente em modelos de regressão lineares, obtiveram resultados baixos de predição de dor e função. Por outro lado, quando inseridos conjuntamente em modelos de regressão múltipla, os testes explicaram 9% e 4% da dor e das limitações funcionais de indivíduos com SDFP, respectivamente. Embora tenha sido observada melhora da predição da dor e limitação funcional quando os testes foram avaliados em conjunto, os achados deste estudo mostram que ambas as medidas - ângulo Q e pronação subtalar - não são bons preditores de dor e limitações funcionais de indivíduos com SDFP.a prática do método Pilates, houve melhora na atividade física de lazer, mobilidade toracoabdominal, força muscular respiratória e redução da circunferência da cintura. No entanto, em comparação com o Grupo Controle, o método Pilates não promoveu alterações relevantes na função pulmonar, mobilidade toracoabdominal, força muscular respiratória e características antropométricas de mulheres saudáveis que não realizaram programa de exercício físico.

RESUMEN El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la capacidad de de las pruebas clínicas de medición del ángulo Q y pronación subtalar en predecir el dolor y las limitaciones funcionales mencionados por individuos con Síndrome de Dolor Femoropatelar (SDFP). Treinta y un individuos con SDFP fueron reclutados para este estudio. El cuestionario Anterior Knee Pain Scale fue utilizado para identificar las limitaciones funcionales; mientras la Escala Visual Analógica del dolor para identificar el dolor experimentado por los individuos en el último mes. Se realizaron dos ensayos clínicos estadísticos, medición del ángulo Q y medición de la postura de la pronación subtalar. Los valores de las pruebas fueron insertados en modelos de regresión linear y múltiple para obtener el R2 y los coeficientes de regresión para medidas no continuas estandarizadas con el nivel de significancia establecido en α=0,05. Ambas pruebas cuando insertadas aisladamente en modelos de regresión lineares obtuvieron resultados bajos de predicción de dolor y función. Por otro lado, cuando insertados en modelos de regresión múltiple, los ensayos explicaron el 9% y 4% del dolor y de las limitaciones funcionales de individuos con SDFP, respectivamente. Aunque hubo mejora de la predicción del dolor y de la limitación funcional cuando las pruebas se evaluaron juntas, los resultados de este estudio muestran que ambas las medidas, el ángulo Q y la pronación subtalar, no son buenos predictores del dolor y de las limitaciones funcionales de individuos con SDFP.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate the clinical trials' ability in Q angle measurement and subtalar pronation to predict the pain and functional limitations alluded by individuals with Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome (PFPS). Thirty-one individuals with PFPS were recruited for this study. The Anterior Knee Pain Scale questionnaire was used to identify the functional limitations and the Visual Analogue Scale of pain was used to identify the pain experienced by these individuals in the last month. Two clinical trials were performed, measurement of Q angle and posture measurement of the subtalar pronation. The values of the tests were inserted into linear and multiple regression models to obtain the R2and the coefficients of regression for non-continuous measures standardized with the significance level established at α = 0.05. Both tests when placed separately in linear regression models obtained low results for predicting pain and function. On the other hand, when inserted together in multiple regression models the tests explained 9% and 4% of the pain and of the functional limitations of individuals with PFPS, respectively. Although the prediction of pain and functional limitations has improved when the tests were evaluated together, our findings show that both measures, Q angle and subtalar pronation, are not good predictors of pain and functional limitations of individuals with PFPS.

Reduced knee flexion is a possible cause of increased loading rates in individuals with patellofemoral pain.

BACKGROUND: Stair ascent is an activity that exacerbates symptoms of individuals with patellofemoral pain. The discomfort associated with this activity usually results in gait modification such as reduced knee flexion in an attempt to reduce pain. Although such compensatory strategy is a logical approach to decrease pain, it also reduces the normal active shock absorption increasing loading rates and may lead to deleterious and degenerative changes of the knee joint. Thus, the aims of this study were (i) to investigate whether there is reduced knee flexion in adults with PFP compared to healthy controls; and (ii) to analyze loading rates in these subjects, during stair climbing. METHOD: Twenty-nine individuals with patellofemoral pain and twenty-five control individuals (18-30 years) participated in this study. Each subject underwent three-dimensional kinematic and kinetic analyses during stair climbing on two separate days. Between-groups analyses of variance were performed to identify differences in peak knee flexion and loading rates. Intraclass correlation coefficient was performed to verify the reliability of the variables. FINDINGS: On both days, the patellofemoral pain group demonstrated significantly reduced peak knee flexion and increased loading rates. In addition, the two variables obtained high to very high reliability. INTERPRETATION: Reduced knee flexion during stair climbing as a strategy to avoid anterior knee pain does not seem to be healthy for lower limb mechanical distributions. Repeated loading at higher loading rates may be damaging to lower limb joints.

Ângulo Q e pronação subtalar não são bons preditores de dor e função em indivíduos com síndrome da dor femoropatelar / No son buenos indicadores de dolor y de limitaciones funcionales el ángulo Q y la pronación subastragalina en los sujetos con síndrome de dolor patelofemoral / Q angle and subtalar pronation are not good predictors for pain and function in subjects with patellofemoral pain syndrome

Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a capacidade dos testes clínicos de mensuração do ângulo Q e pronação subtalar em predizer a dor e as limitações funcionais referidas por indivíduos com Síndrome da Dor Femoropatelar (SDFP). 31 indivíduos com SDFP foram recrutados para este estudo. O questionário Anterior Knee Pain Scale foi utilizado para identificar as limitações funcionais, e a Escala Visual Analógica de dor foi utilizada para identificar a dor vivenciada por esses indivíduos referente ao último mês. Foram realizados dois testes clínicos estáticos, mensuração do ângulo Q e mensuração da postura da pronação subtalar. Os valores dos testes foram inseridos em modelos de regressão linear e múltipla para a obtenção do R2 e dos coeficientes de regressão para medidas não contínuas padronizadas com o nível de significância estabelecido em α=0,05. Ambos os testes quando inseridos isoladamente em modelos de regressão lineares obtiveram resultados baixos de predição de dor e função. Por outro lado, quando inseridos conjuntamente em modelos de regressão múltipla, os testes explicaram 9% e 4% da dor e das limitações funcionais de indivíduos com SDFP, respectivamente. Embora houve melhora da predição da dor e limitação funcional quando os testes foram avaliados em conjunto, as descobertas deste estudo mostram que ambas as medidas, ângulo Q e pronação subtalar, não são bons preditores de dor e limitações funcionais de indivíduos com SDFP.

En este estudio se buscó evaluar la capacidad de las pruebas clínicas de mediciones del ángulo Q y de la pronación subastragalina como indicadores del dolor y de las limitaciones funcionales en los sujetos con Síndrome de Dolor Patelofemoral (SDFP). A los 31 participantes con SDFP del estudio se les aplicaron el cuestionario Anterior Knee Pain Scale para identificar las limitaciones funcionales y la Escala Visual Analógica para medir el dolor sentido por ellos en el último mes. Se realizó dos pruebas clínicas estáticas, la medición del ángulo Q y la de postura de pronación subastragalina. Los valores de las pruebas se insertaron en los modelos de regresión lineal y múltiple para la obtención del R2 y de los coeficientes de regresión de las medidas no constantes con el nivel estándar de significancia de un α=0,05. Ambas pruebas fueron insertadas separadamente en los modelos de regresión lineales y resultaron en índices bajos de dolor y función. En cambio, cuando insertadas juntas a los modelos de regresión múltiple, mostraron un 9% y un 4% de los dolores y de las limitaciones de los sujetos con SDFP, respectivamente. Aunque haya demostrado esta mejora, los resultados de este estudio llaman la atención para las dos medidas, la del ángulo Q y la de la pronación subastragalina, que no son buenos indicadores del dolor y de las limitaciones funcionales en los sujetos con SDFP.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the capability of Q angle and subtalar pronation clinical tests in predict pain and functional limitations reported by individuals with patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS). 31 individuals with PFPS were recruited for this study. The Anterior Knee Pain Scale questionnaire was applied to identify the functional limitations and the Visual Analogue Scale was used to identify the pain referred during the last month. Two clinical tests were performed in order to obtain the Q angle and subtalar pronation measurements. The values ​​of the tests were entered in a multiple and linear regression models to obtain the R2 and the regression coefficients for non-continuous standardized measures, with a statistical significance set at α=0.05. Both tests, when entered separately into the linear regression models achieved low values of pain and function prediction. On the other hand, when placed together in a multiple regression model, the tests explained 9% and 4% of the pain and functional limitations of the individuals with PFPS, respectively. Although there was an improvement in the pain and function limitation prediction when the tests were analyzed together, our findings showed that both measurement, Q angle and subtalar pronation, are not good predictors of pain and functional limitations of individuals with PFPS.

Reliability of electromyography parameters during stair deambulation in patellofemoral pain syndrome / Reprodutibilidade de parâmetros eletromiográficos durante a subida e descida de escada na síndrome da dor femoropatelar / Reproducibilidad de los parámetros electromiográficos durante ascenso y descenso de escaleras en la síndrome de dolor patelofemoral

Reliability is essential to all aspects of the measure, as it shows the quality of the information and allows rational conclusions with regard to the data. There has been controversial results regarding the reliability of electromyographic parameters assessed during stair ascent and descent in individuals with patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS). Therefore, this study aims to determine the reliability of time and frequency domain electromyographic parameters on both gestures in women with PFPS. Thirty-one women with PFPS were selected to participate in this study. Data from vastus lateralis and medialis were collected during stair deambulation. The selected parameters were: automatic onset, median frequency bands of low, medium and high frequency. Reliability was determined by intraclass correlation coefficient and the standard error of measurement. The frequency domain variables have shown good reliability, with the stair ascent presenting the best rates. On the other hand, onset has proved to be inconsistent in all measures. Our findings suggest that stair ascent is more reliable than stair descent to evaluate subjects with PFPS in the most cases.

A reprodutibilidade é essencial para todos os aspectos da medida, uma vez que mostra a qualidade da informação e permite conclusões racionais no que diz respeito aos dados. Além disso, os resultados são controversos sobre parâmetros eletromiográficos avaliados durante a subida e descida de escada em indivíduos com síndrome da dor femoropatelar (SDFP). Portanto pretende-se determinar a reprodutibilidade de parâmetros eletromiográficos nos domínios do tempo e da frequência em ambos os gestos em mulheres com SDFP. Foram selecionadas 31 mulheres com SDFP. Os dados dos músculos vasto lateral e vasto medial foram coletados durante a subida e a descida de escada. Os parâmetros selecionados foram: o onset automático, frequência mediana, bandas de baixa, média e alta frequência. Determinou-se a reprodutibilidade através do coeficiente de correlação intraclasse e do erro padrão da medida. As variáveis no domínio da frequência apresentaram boa reprodutibilidade, com a subida apresentando os melhores índices, e o onset mostrou-se inconsistente. Os resultados sugerem que a subida de escada é mais confiável do que a descida da escada para avaliar indivíduos com SDPF na maioria dos casos.

La reproducibilidad es esencial para todos los aspectos de la medida, ya que muestra la calidad de la información y permite conclusiones racionales con respecto a los datos. Además, los resultados son controvertidos en parámetros electromiográficos evaluados durante el ascenso y descenso escaleras en las personas con síndrome de dolor patelofemoral (SDPF). Por eso tenemos la intención de determinar la reproducibilidad de los parámetros electromiográficos en el tiempo y la frecuencia en ambos gestos en mujeres con SDPF. 31 mujeres com SDPF fueron seleccionadas. Se recogieron datos del vasto lateral y medial durante ascenso y descenso de escaleras. Los parámetros seleccionados fueron: inicio automático, frecuencia mediana, bandas de baja, media y alta frecuencia. La reproducibilidad se determinó mediante el coeficiente de correlación intraclase y el error estándar de medición. Las variables en el dominio de la frecuencia mostraron buena reproducibilidad, el ascenso presentó lós mejores índices, y el inicio demostró ser inconsistente. Estos resultados sugieren que el ascenso de la escalera es más confiable que el descenso para evaluar individuos con SDPF en la mayoría de los casos.