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1.
J Eval Clin Pract ; 2023 Oct 15.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37840239

ABSTRACT

RATIONALE: In the context of a major health crisis, health professionals must first compare patients' recovery prospects, thus giving priority to the goal of saving the greatest number of lives. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: Critically evaluate a protocol for allocation of scarce intensive care units (ICU), which the authors proposed at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic and originally published in two Brazilian newspapers; and compare that protocol with similar proposals, particularly with 2 successive protocols issued by the Brazilian Critical Care Association. The main objective is to highlight the advantages of the authors' approach and discuss some criticisms that has been levelled against the proposed protocol after its original publication in 2020. METHOD: Comparative analysis of 3 different protocols (the authors' proposed protocol and 2 successive protocols issued by the Brazilian Critical Care Association) with regard to ethical principles. RESULTS: The main objective of a healthcare system is to ensure a fair patient triage process when it is impossible to grant admission to all patients in need of treatment. Decision-making regarding the impartial prioritization of ICU admissions must be based primarily on clinical criteria. The Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) is, for ethical and technical reasons, a useful tool for clinical assessments of patients. Based on three ranges of SOFA scores, patients can be classified into a "high", a "medium", and a "low" priority group. In the case of ties, the life cycle principle must be the tiebreaker. If the tie persists, a draw must be used. CONCLUSION: The authors' proposed protocol has advantages over the other two protocols due to its greater practicality and capacity to account for egalitarian and consequentialist principles simultaneously. It aims at saving as many lives as possible within the constraints of fairness. Furthermore, the proposed protocol avoids discrimination against people with disabilities without, at the same time, promoting discrimination against the elderly.

4.
Braz Dent J ; 31(6): 605-610, 2020.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33237231

ABSTRACT

This study evaluated the efficiency of using a single instrument from three different rotary multi-file systems and compared them with that of a reciprocating single-file for endodontic retreatment by means of micro-CT. Sixty extracted canines were prepared using a size F2 ProTaper Universal file and obturated. After 30 days of storage at 37ºC and 100% humidity, the teeth were randomly divided into four groups (n=15) based on the type of instrument used to retreatment: ProTaper Next (PTN), ProTaper Gold (PTG), TRUShape 3D (TS), and WaveOne (WO). The canals were retreated using only the size 40 instrument from each system according to the manufacturer's recommendations for torque and speed. The time required to remove the filling material was recorded in seconds. The amount of initial and residual filling material and the quantity of dentin removed were assessed by means of micro-CT. Data were statistically analyzed (ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis) at a 5% significance level. TS instruments required the highest (p<0.05) amount of time (mean, 384.80 ±144.92) compared with the WO (229.67±68.16) and PTG (248.67±64.22) and not so different from PTN instruments (327.67±133.3). No differences in the amount of dentin removed, initial and residual filling volume, and percentages of filling material were observed among the groups. The use of a single rotary instrument from the PTG, TS, and PTN systems was as effective as that of the single-file reciprocating WO system. However, none of the instruments was able to remove the filling materials completely.


Subject(s)
Root Canal Filling Materials , Root Canal Obturation , Dental Pulp Cavity , Equipment Design , Nickel , Retreatment , Root Canal Preparation , Titanium , X-Ray Microtomography
5.
Braz. dent. j ; 31(6): 605-610, Nov.-Dec. 2020. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS, BBO - Dentistry | ID: biblio-1132347

ABSTRACT

Abstract This study evaluated the efficiency of using a single instrument from three different rotary multi-file systems and compared them with that of a reciprocating single-file for endodontic retreatment by means of micro-CT. Sixty extracted canines were prepared using a size F2 ProTaper Universal file and obturated. After 30 days of storage at 37ºC and 100% humidity, the teeth were randomly divided into four groups (n=15) based on the type of instrument used to retreatment: ProTaper Next (PTN), ProTaper Gold (PTG), TRUShape 3D (TS), and WaveOne (WO). The canals were retreated using only the size 40 instrument from each system according to the manufacturer's recommendations for torque and speed. The time required to remove the filling material was recorded in seconds. The amount of initial and residual filling material and the quantity of dentin removed were assessed by means of micro-CT. Data were statistically analyzed (ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis) at a 5% significance level. TS instruments required the highest (p<0.05) amount of time (mean, 384.80 ±144.92) compared with the WO (229.67±68.16) and PTG (248.67±64.22) and not so different from PTN instruments (327.67±133.3). No differences in the amount of dentin removed, initial and residual filling volume, and percentages of filling material were observed among the groups. The use of a single rotary instrument from the PTG, TS, and PTN systems was as effective as that of the single-file reciprocating WO system. However, none of the instruments was able to remove the filling materials completely.


Resumo Este estudo laboratorial avaliou por meio de micro-CT a eficiência do uso de um único instrumento de três sistemas rotatórios em retratamentos endodônticos, comparados a um instrumento único reciprocante. Sessenta caninos extraídos foram preparados usando o sistema ProTaper Universal (F2) e obturados. Após 30 dias de armazenamento a 37 ºC e 100% de umidade, os dentes foram divididos aleatoriamente em quatro grupos (n = 15), de acordo com o instrumento utilizado para remover as obturações endodônticas: ProTaper NEXT (PTN), ProTaper Gold (PTG), TRUShape 3D (TS) e WaveOne (WO). Os canais foram retratados usando apenas o instrumento tamanho 40 de cada sistema, seguindo as recomendações do fabricante para torque e velocidade. O tempo necessário para remover a obturação foi registrado em segundos. A quantidade de material remanescente e o volume de dentina removida foram avaliadas por meio de micro-CT. Análise estatística foi realizada (ANOVA e Kruskal-Wallis), com nível de significância de 5%. O tempo de trabalho no grupo TS foi significativamente maior (p<0.05) (média, 384,80 ± 144,92) comparado a WO (229,67 ± 68,16) e PTG (248,67 ± 64,22), e similar a PTN (327,67 ± 133,3). Não houve diferenças entre os grupos na quantidade de dentina removida e nas porcentagens de material obturador residual. O uso de apenas um instrumento rotatório dos sistemas PTG, TS e PTN foi tão eficaz quanto o do sistema WO reciprocante na remoção do material obturador. No entanto, nenhum dos instrumentos conseguiu remover completamente os materiais obturadores.


Subject(s)
Root Canal Filling Materials , Root Canal Obturation , Titanium , Root Canal Preparation , Retreatment , Dental Pulp Cavity , Equipment Design , X-Ray Microtomography , Nickel
6.
Rev Col Bras Cir ; 47: e20202705, 2020.
Article in English, Portuguese | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33053066

ABSTRACT

One of the struggles faced by physicians in clinical decisions during the COVID-19 pandemic is how to deal with already available or lacking scientific evidence. The COVID-19 pandemic has a large impact in the routine of the many health services, including surgery, which demanded changes in assist protocols. Questions began to arise about well-established surgery conducts due to situations related to SARS-COV-2 infection, and, according to public health measures that are necessary to fight the pandemic. In situations of scarce available evidence, it is natural for us to have to deal with systematically more fragile, provisory and bias-susceptible information. Considering the principles that guide Evidence Based Medicine and Bioethical, the authors analyze the complexity of the medical decision-making during this time. Medical conducts must be adapted to the context of fighting the pandemic and consider patients and healthcare providers exposure and well-being and, lastly, the conservation of resources. The authors conclude that acceptance and tolerance to divergence is commendable, being a path to achieving unity in the diversity of medicine in times of little safe knowledge.


Subject(s)
Coronavirus Infections , Evidence-Based Medicine , Pandemics , Physicians , Pneumonia, Viral , Betacoronavirus , COVID-19 , Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology , Humans , Pneumonia, Viral/epidemiology , SARS-CoV-2
7.
J Eval Clin Pract ; 26(2): 389-396, 2020 Apr.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31502732

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: In this article, we evaluate and compare the frailties of two different standards of disclosure of information regarding the risks of medical procedures applied in recent judicial decisions in the United Kingdom. As an alternative, we present the tenets and philosophical grounds of an agency model of consent and a person-based standard of disclosure. METHODS: Critical philosophical analysis of the background assumptions of two standards of disclosure and their relative "tests of negligence" applied in recent legal judgements in the United Kingdom. RESULTS: Both standards, the "Professional Practice Standard" (the traditional standard employed in Sidaway versus Board of Governors of the Bethlem Royal Hospital, 1985) and the allegedly new "Reasonable Person Standard" (mentioned in Montgomery versus Lanarkshire Health Board, 2015), can lead to malpractice if the medical-patient relationship is not guided by attitudes of respectful care. The traditional standard is disrespectful as it does not take patients as full agents, presupposing that the patient's right is only a negative right to refuse what was deliberated only by the practitioner. The "new" standard can be disrespectful if the practitioner, concerned only with what a hypothetical reasonable individual would take as relevant for choosing between alternatives of treatment, does not know how to respect their real patient in a genuine shared decision-making process. CONCLUSION: We conclude that in order to know how to obtain valid informed consent, doctors need to engage in real conversations with their patients, revealing as much information as they, taken as real persons, need to be part of a genuine shared and respectful decision-making process.


Subject(s)
Disclosure , Respect , Delivery of Health Care , Humans , Informed Consent , Risk Assessment , United Kingdom
8.
Rev. Col. Bras. Cir ; 47: e20202705, 2020.
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1136594

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT One of the struggles faced by physicians in clinical decisions during the COVID-19 pandemic is how to deal with already available or lacking scientific evidence. The COVID-19 pandemic has a large impact in the routine of the many health services, including surgery, which demanded changes in assist protocols. Questions began to arise about well-established surgery conducts due to situations related to SARS-COV-2 infection, and, according to public health measures that are necessary to fight the pandemic. In situations of scarce available evidence, it is natural for us to have to deal with systematically more fragile, provisory and bias-susceptible information. Considering the principles that guide Evidence Based Medicine and Bioethical, the authors analyze the complexity of the medical decision-making during this time. Medical conducts must be adapted to the context of fighting the pandemic and consider patients and healthcare providers exposure and well-being and, lastly, the conservation of resources. The authors conclude that acceptance and tolerance to divergence is commendable, being a path to achieving unity in the diversity of medicine in times of little safe knowledge.


RESUMO Uma das dificuldades que os médicos enfrentam nas decisões clínicas durante a pandemia de COVID-19 é como lidar com as evidências científicas de que dispõem, ou com a falta delas. A pandemia de COVID-19 teve um enorme impacto nas rotinas dos diferentes serviços de saúde, incluindo a área cirúrgica, que exigiram mudanças de protocolos assistenciais. Muitas condutas cirúrgicas bem estabelecidas passaram a ser questionadas em função de situações diretamente relacionadas à infecção pelo SARS-COV-2 e de acordo com medidas de saúde pública necessárias ao combate da pandemia. Em situações de pouca evidência disponível, é natural que tenhamos de lidar com informações sistematicamente mais frágeis, provisórias e suscetíveis a vieses. Considerando os princípios que regem a Medicina Baseada em Evidências e a Bioética, os autores analisam a complexidade da tomada de decisões médicas nesse momento. Condutas médicas devem atentar a exposição e o bem-estar dos pacientes e dos profissionais de saúde, e, por último, a conservação de recursos materiais. Os autores concluem que aceitar e tolerar é um caminho para termos unidade na diversidade da medicina em tempos de pouco conhecimento seguro.


Subject(s)
Humans , Physicians , Pneumonia, Viral/epidemiology , Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology , Evidence-Based Medicine , Pandemics , Betacoronavirus , SARS-CoV-2 , COVID-19
9.
J Eval Clin Pract ; 25(6): 985-990, 2019 Dec.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31087718

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: In this article, we offer an extended critical review of a new conception of bioethics, presented by Darlei Dall'Agnol, in the book Care and Respect in Bioethics. METHODS: Critical philosophical analysis of background assumptions of a new approach to bioethics, enriched with critical discussion of related philosophical literature. RESULTS: In Care and Respect in Bioethics, through an approach filled with hard cases, Dall'Agnol argues that the metaethics of respectful care has theoretical advantages over the intuitionist metaethics of principlism and the particularism of casuistry, offering an original comprehensive approach that crosses the three dimensions of ethical inquiry: metaethical, normative, and applied ethics. CONCLUSIONS: Dall'Agnol offers an insightful and persuasive account of how the single attitude of respectful care can express practical moral knowledge in healthcare. In this paper, we evaluate, criticize, and suggest refinements. One of them concerns Dall'Agnol's interpretation about Stephen Darwall's views on care and respect as two attitudes supported, respectively, by a third- and a second-personal moral point-of-view. Other is about the Dall'Agnol's Wittgensteinian description of the moral language-games of Clinical Bioethics, adding to the approach the "language-game of rights."


Subject(s)
Bioethics , Ethical Theory , Patient Care , Respect , Attitude , Casuistry , Humans , Patient Care/ethics , Patient Care/psychology , Philosophy, Medical , Principle-Based Ethics
10.
Indian J Dent Res ; 28(4): 400-405, 2017.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28836531

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: The effectiveness of ProTaper Universal and ProTaper Retreatment rotary instruments was compared to the Hedström files in the removal of filling material from root canals. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-six extracted human mandibular premolars with a single straight root canal were shaped and filled with gutta-percha and AH Plus. The specimens were stored for 6 months at 37°C and at 100% relative humidity, and then randomly divided into three groups: PTU - removal of filling material performed with ProTaper Universal instruments; PTR - removal of filling material performed with ProTaper Retreatment instruments; HF - removal of filling material performed with Gates-Glidden burs, Hedström files and solvent. After the filling material removal and diaphanization, the specimens were longitudinally sectioned and images of the canal surfaces were scanned. The remaining areas of filling material were measured (Image Tool 3.0), and data was analyzed statistically (Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn tests). The time required for filling removal in each group was also recorded (one-way ANOVA and Tukey's HSD test). RESULTS: All groups presented remnants of filling material; PTU had the smallest amount and HF group presented the highest mean value (P< 0.05) in all the thirds. The cervical third had the smallest amount of material when compared with the other thirds (P< 0.05). HF group required a longer mean time, presenting significant difference (P< 0.05). CONCLUSION: Considering the time required and the amount of the filling removal, ProTaper Retreatment were not superior to ProTaper Universal, but both rotary instruments were more effective and less time-consuming than Hedström manual files.


Subject(s)
Root Canal Preparation/instrumentation , Bicuspid , Humans , In Vitro Techniques , Random Allocation , Retreatment , Root Canal Filling Materials , Treatment Outcome
11.
J Med Philos ; 41(5): 461-79, 2016 Oct.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27473409

ABSTRACT

In Unfit for the Future, Ingmar Persson and Julian Savulescu present a sophisticated argument in defense of the imperative of moral enhancement. They claim that without moral enhancement, the future of humanity is seriously compromised. The possibility of ultimate harm, caused by a dreadful terrorist attack or by a final unpreventable escalation of the present environmental crisis aggravated by the availability of cognitive enhancement, makes moral enhancement a top priority. It may be considered optimistic to think that our present moral capabilities can be successfully improved by means of moral education, moral persuasion, and fear of punishment. So, without moral enhancement, drastic restrictions on human freedom would become the only alternative to prevent those dramatic potential outcomes. In this article, I will try to show that we still have reason to be less pessimistic and that Persson & Savulescu's arguments are fortunately unconvincing.


Subject(s)
Moral Development , Philosophy, Medical , Social Responsibility , Bioethical Issues , Freedom , Human Rights , Humans , Immunization/ethics , Immunization/legislation & jurisprudence , Morals , Personal Autonomy
12.
Barbarói ; (44,n.esp): 290-303, jul.-dez. 2015.
Article in Portuguese | Index Psychology - journals | ID: psi-66976

ABSTRACT

Seria razoável e eticamente permissível incluir melhoramentos, ao lado da prevenção e dos tratamentos, como objetivos da medicina? Segundo alguns críticos isso seria inaceitável. Uma das razões é que, se um medicamento ou técnica não protege, promove ou recupera a saúde, na ignorância, deve-se evitá-lo, já que não se pode excluir de antemão a possibilidade de efeitos indesejáveis. Nessa ótica, melhoramentos deveriam ser contraindicados, já que seriam potencialmente iatrogênicos. Porém, e se houver evidências suficientes de que não há parefeitos significativos? Nesse caso, não deveriam os médicos indicá-los? O problema é que se um medicamento for comprovadamente benéfico para o tratamento ou alívios dos sintomas de uma doença, não prescrevê-lo implica negligência. Suponhamos que aceitemos um dia a inclusão de práticas melhoristas no rol dos objetivos da medicina. Se um médico não recomendar um melhoramento, estaria ele também agindo em negligência? Teriam os pacientes direitos sobre seus médicos não só ao melhor tratamento mas também às melhores opções de melhoramento humano? Neste artigo, pretendo tratar desse tema recente de forma exploratória. Pretendo defender que a aceitação dos melhoramentos no âmbito da medicina não implica tomá-los como equivalentes às ações preventivas ou terapêuticas, e que a permissão de melhoramentos não acarreta obrigações sobre os médicos nem direitos a seus pacientes.(AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Genetic Enhancement , Medicine , Therapeutics , Ethics, Medical , Bioethics
13.
Barbarói ; (44,n.esp): 290-303, jul.-dez. 2015.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-868734

ABSTRACT

Seria razoável e eticamente permissível incluir melhoramentos, ao lado da prevenção e dos tratamentos, como objetivos da medicina? Segundo alguns críticos isso seria inaceitável. Uma das razões é que, se um medicamento ou técnica não protege, promove ou recupera a saúde, na ignorância, deve-se evitá-lo, já que não se pode excluir de antemão a possibilidade de efeitos indesejáveis. Nessa ótica, melhoramentos deveriam ser contraindicados, já que seriam potencialmente iatrogênicos. Porém, e se houver evidências suficientes de que não há parefeitos significativos? Nesse caso, não deveriam os médicos indicá-los? O problema é que se um medicamento for comprovadamente benéfico para o tratamento ou alívios dos sintomas de uma doença, não prescrevê-lo implica negligência. Suponhamos que aceitemos um dia a inclusão de práticas melhoristas no rol dos objetivos da medicina. Se um médico não recomendar um melhoramento, estaria ele também agindo em negligência? Teriam os pacientes direitos sobre seus médicos não só ao melhor tratamento mas também às melhores opções de melhoramento humano? Neste artigo, pretendo tratar desse tema recente de forma exploratória. Pretendo defender que a aceitação dos melhoramentos no âmbito da medicina não implica tomá-los como equivalentes às ações preventivas ou terapêuticas, e que a permissão de melhoramentos não acarreta obrigações sobre os médicos nem direitos a seus pacientes.


Subject(s)
Humans , Bioethics , Ethics, Medical , Genetic Enhancement , Medicine , Therapeutics
14.
J Eval Clin Pract ; 21(3): 365-73, 2015 Jun.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25402812

ABSTRACT

I propose a clinic-epidemiological concept of health as the best description of what physicians actually think about health within medical practice. Its aim is to be an alternative to the best approach in the philosophy of medicine about health, Christopher Boorse's biostatistical theory. Contrary to Boorse's 'theoretical' approach, I propose to take health as a practical clinical concept. In the first two parts of the paper, I will present my complaints against Boorse's view that health is a theoretical concept, a 'species normal functional ability'. I will claim that Boorse's view is actually a view on normal physiology. My claim is that health is best described as the state of absence of chronic diseases or disabilities (clinic-epidemiologically associated with a morbimortality index higher than the risk of death, disease and disabilities for individuals of the same population group or reference class free of that chronic clinical conditions). Health, therefore, is not the mere absence of disease. Diseases that do not increase patients' morbimortality and disability indexes are not incompatible with health; after all, clinical health is compatible with appropriate health care and medical treatments.


Subject(s)
Health , Philosophy, Medical , Disease , Humans , Models, Theoretical , Physiology
15.
Rev. bras. ciênc. esporte ; 33(3): 589-603, jul.-set. 2011.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-611252

ABSTRACT

Nos projetos sociais de inclusão, esportes são estratégias privilegiadas. Mas esportes são jogos competitivos. Mas como poderiam práticas competitivas favorecer os objetivos generosos da inclusão? Neste artigo, pretendemos avaliar o problema buscando clarear os conceitos de "jogo", "esporte" e "competição", tendo como tema a "inclusão social". Trata-se de um ensaio que aborda um estudo teórico, cuja metodologia vale-se da análise filosófica e da argumentação dialética. Defenderemos que não há oposição entre competitividade e inclusão. Embora esportes sejam jogos de "soma zero", os esportes modernos são institucionalizados, o que permite a seus jogadores praticá-los como ocupações estáveis. Em conclusão, competições esportivas, institucionalizadas e disciplinadas, resultam em arranjos de soma positiva, permitindo que o esporte possa tornar-se uma escolha de vida, favorecendo, portanto, a inclusão.


In projects of social inclusion, sports are privileged strategies. But sports are competitive games. How could the practice of competitive games support the generous aims of social inclusion? In this paper, we will analyze this problem and clarify the concepts of "game", "sport" and "competition". It is an essay that deals with theoretical issues, employing as methodology the philosophical analysis and dialectical argumentation. We will also make a review of the subject "sports and social inclusion". We will argue that nevertheless sports actually are competitive games there is not any opposition between competition and inclusion. As a matter of fact, sports are "zero-sum" games. But modern sports are institutionalized, allowing their players practice them as stable occupations. In conclusion, institutionalized and disciplined, sports become "positive-sum" arrangements, making the opportunity of becoming a life choice, consequently favoring social inclusion.


En los proyectos sociales de la inclusión, el deporte viene siendo mirado como estrategia privilegiada, especialmente cuanto a la inclusión de los niños y jóvenes. Muchos países ya incorporaran a sus políticas sociales la practica de deportes. Pero deportes son juegos competitivos. ¿Como la practica regular de un juego competitivo podría ayudar en los objetivos desprendido de la inclusión social¿ Guiados por eso pensamiento, muchos autores llamaran la atención para la necesidad de se privilegiar los objetivos educacionales y sociales en los proyectos sociales deportivos, en detrimento del cultivo de vocaciones o de la busca del éxito en competiciones. En este artículo, pretendemos evaluar el problema, buscando, al mismo tiempo, esclarecer los conceptos de "juego", "deporte" y "competición , procediendo, luego, a una breve revisión del tema "Inclusión Social por el medio del deporte". Esto artículo es un ensayo de carácter teórico, cuya metodología es la análisis filosófica e la argumentación dialéctica. Defenderemos que, todavía deportes sean predominantemente juegos competitivos, no se pode haber oposición entre competitividad e inclusión. Deportes, si es verdad, son juegos "cero soma". Sin embargo, los deportes modernos son institucionalizados, el que permite a sus jugadores platicarlos como ocupaciones consistentes. En conclusión, institucionalizadas y disciplinadas externamente, las competiciones deportivas pasan a ser arreglos de una soma positiva, permitiendo que el deporte pueda tornarse una opción para la vida, favoreciendo, por tanto, la inclusión social.

16.
Rev. AMRIGS ; 49(1): 44-51, jan.-mar. 2005. ilus
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-875987

ABSTRACT

Em bioética, vários métodos de tomada de decisão em ética clínica já foram apresentados. Neste artigo, apresento um método que compatibiliza uma visão sobre a ética das decisões em medicina (o modelo conhecido como "casuístico" ou "baseado em casos") com a tese de que a medicina comporta uma moralidade interna ou especial, embora constrangida externamente pelo respeito aos direitos dos pacientes. Minha proposta é uma alternativa a concepções, como a de Robert Veatch e, em alguma medida, Diego Gracia, que procuram compatibilizar outro modelo, o principialista, com a tese liberal que toma os princípios da autonomia e da justiça como preeminentes frente aos princípios hipocráticos da beneficência e da não-maleficência. Diego Gracia, por exemplo, considera que sistemas especiais de moralidade são ilegítimos e incompatíveis com o respeito à "autonomia" dos pacientes. Defenderei, ao contrário, que a ética médica, entendida como um sistema especial de moralidade, é legítima e compatível com o respeito à liberdade das pessoas (AU)


In bioethics, several methods of decision making in clinical ethics have already been introduced. In this paper, I introduce a method that combines a conception of ethical decisions in medicine ("casuistry" or "case-based ethics") with a conception that medicine has an internal or special morality, albeit externally constrained by patient's rights. My theory is an alternative to conceptions, like Robert Veatch's and, in some way, Diego Gracia's, that combines another method, the principialist, with liberal theses that takes the principles of autonomy and justice as prior to the principles of beneficence and non-maleficence. Diego Gracia, for example, considers that special systems of morality are illegitimate and incompatible with respect of patient's autonomy. I'll defend otherwise that medical ethics, understood as a special system of morality, is legitimate and compatible with respect of people's liberty (AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Clinical Decision-Making/ethics , Physician-Patient Relations/ethics , Ethics, Clinical
17.
Psicol. ciênc. prof ; 23(3): 18-25, 2003.
Article in Portuguese | Index Psychology - journals | ID: psi-30285

ABSTRACT

Podem-se conceber duas perspectivas teóricas básicas para explicar a criminalidade: a culturalista e a racionalista. Da primeira derivam políticas públicas destinadas a reduzir a criminalidade através de uma atuação sobre a desorganização social. Na segunda privilegia-se uma estratégia segundo a qual o principal papel do Estado é dissuadir o criminoso da prática delituosa. Este trabalho revisa a literatura, evidenciando mitos sobre o crime e a atividade policial. São discutidos dois modelos de policiamento: um mais tradicional e reativo e outro mais preventivo, procurando-se mostrar que o racionalismo dá maior suporte teórico a políticas de segurança pública que valorizam a promoção da cidadania(AU)


Subject(s)
Police , Violence/trends , Police Power
18.
Psicol. ciênc. prof ; 23(3): 18-25, 2003.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-429618

ABSTRACT

Podem-se conceber duas perspectivas teóricas básicas para explicar a criminalidade: a culturalista e a racionalista. Da primeira derivam políticas públicas destinadas a reduzir a criminalidade através de uma atuação sobre a desorganização social. Na segunda privilegia-se uma estratégia segundo a qual o principal papel do Estado é dissuadir o criminoso da prática delituosa. Este trabalho revisa a literatura, evidenciando mitos sobre o crime e a atividade policial. São discutidos dois modelos de policiamento: um mais tradicional e reativo e outro mais preventivo, procurando-se mostrar que o racionalismo dá maior suporte teórico a políticas de segurança pública que valorizam a promoção da cidadania


Subject(s)
Police , Violence/trends , Police Power
19.
Bioética ; 8(2): 265-284, 2000.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-299169

ABSTRACT

Sabe-se que o direito trata das obrigaçöes jurídicas a que estäo submetidos os cidadäos, no convívio social. Porém, a filosofia moral contemporânea também tem alegado que estäo submetidos a obrigaçöes morais. Mas, ao contrário do direito, que os obriga sob a pena de uma sançäo externa, é dito usualmente que na ética estäo sujeitos a sançöes internas, pois a moral atuaria apenas em foro íntimo. Compreender as semelhanças e diferenças entre a moralidade e o direito é fundamental a todo aquele que se interessa por assuntos de bioética e de biodireito. Neste artigo, pretende-se analisar os conceitos de dever e obrigaçäo moral, e de obrigaçäo jurídica. Trata-se de uma crítica tanto à tese da autonomia do direito com respeito à moral, como à tese de que obrigaçöes morais derivam-se unicamente por autolegislaçäo


Subject(s)
Bioethics , Ethics , Legislation , Legislation, Medical , Liability, Legal , Morale , Professional Autonomy
20.
Cad. psicol. (Belo Horizonte, 1993) ; 6(9): 66-70, dez.1999. tab
Article in Portuguese | Index Psychology - journals | ID: psi-32191

ABSTRACT

Este trabalho é o relato de uma pequena enquete realizada com consumidores de medicamentos em Belo Horizonte em meados de 1998. Procura-se interpretar os resultados encontrados à luz da experiência profissional do autor e do corpo profissional de vendedores de uma grande rede de drogarias de Belo Horizonte, conforme puderam discutir por ocasião de um programa de treinamento e desenvolvimento, concluído em meados de 1999, sob responsabilidade do autor(AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female
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