Enhancing the wound healing process through local injection of exosomes derived from blood serum: An in vitro and in vivo assessment.

Introduction: The skin plays a crucial role as a protective barrier against external factors, but disruptions to its integrity can lead to wound formation and hinder the natural healing process. Scar formation and delayed wound healing present significant challenges in skin injury treatment. While alternative approaches such as skin substitutes and tissue engineering exist, they are often limited in accessibility and cost. Exosomes have emerged as a potential solution for wound healing due to their regenerative properties. Methods: In this study, exosomes were isolated from human blood serum using a kit. The exosomes were characterized, and their effects on cell migration were assessed in vitro. Additionally, the wound healing capacity of exosomes was evaluated in vivo using a rat full-thickness wound model. Results: Our in vitro findings revealed that exosomes significantly promoted cell migration. In vivo experiments demonstrated that the injection of exosomes at different areas of the wound accelerated the wound healing process, resulting in wound closure, collagen synthesis, vessel formation, and angiogenesis in the wound area. These results suggest that exosomes have a promising therapeutic potential for expediting wound healing and minimizing scar formation. Conclusions: The findings of this study highlight the potential of exosomes as a novel approach for enhancing wound healing. Exosomes showed positive effects on both cell migration and wound closure in in vitro and in vivo studies, suggesting their potential use as a regenerative therapy for skin injuries. Further research is needed to fully understand the mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of exosomes on wound healing and to optimize their application in clinical settings.

Probiotic Potential, Antiproliferative, and Proapoptotic Activities of Lactobacillus fermentum Isolated from Breast Milk.

Background: Breast milk is always the best choice for infant's nutrition due to its useful compounds such as immune cells and molecules, oligosaccharides, as well as bacteria and their metabolites. We identified and characterized the isolated strain from human breast milk in this study. Materials and Methods: A total of 20 lactating mothers aged 25 to 34 years were enrolled in our study. We collected the breast milk samples in sterile microtubes. 100 µl of each sample was spread on de Man-Rogosa-Sharpe (MRS) agar plates and incubated aerobically at 37°C for 48 hr. After identifying the isolated strain, initial tests (hemolysis inactivity and L-arginine hydrolysis, catalase), the acid tolerance, bile tolerance, and antibiotics susceptibility of the isolated strain were estimated. Furthermore, the antiproliferative and proapoptotic activities of heat-killed cells) HKC) and cell-free supernatant (CFS) of the strain on the HT-29 cell line were evaluated using MTT assay and flow cytometry analysis, respectively. Results: The isolated strain was Gram-positive, bacilli in shape, catalase-negative, non-hemolytic, and negative for L-arginine hydrolysis. By 16S rRNA gene sequencing, the isolated strain was Lactobacillus fermentum. According to MTT assay and flow cytometry results, the HKC and CFS of the isolated strain reduced the viability of the HT-29 cells. The total apoptosis induced in HT-29 cells by HKC and CFS was 65.98% and 70.1%, respectively. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that this strain, despite the properties of probiotic bacteria, has potential antiproliferative and proapoptotic capabilities.

Three-Dimensional in Vitro Models: A Promising Tool To Scale-Up Breast Cancer Research.

Common models used in breast cancer studies, including two-dimensional (2D) cultures and animal models, do not precisely model all aspects of breast tumors. These models do not well simulate the cell-cell and cell-stromal interactions required for normal tumor growth in the body and lake tumor like microenvironment. Three-dimensional (3D) cell culture models are novel approaches to studying breast cancer. They do not have the restrictions of these conventional models and are able to recapitulate the structural architecture, complexity, and specific function of breast tumors and provide similar in vivo responses to therapeutic regimens. These models can be a link between former traditional 2D culture and in vivo models and are necessary for further studies in cancer. This review attempts to summarize the most common 3D in vitro models used in breast cancer studies, including scaffold-free (spheroid and organoid), scaffold-based, and chip-based models, particularly focused on the basic and translational application of these 3D models in drug screening and the tumor microenvironment in breast cancer.

Wnt5A modulates integrin expression in a receptor-dependent manner in ovarian cancer cells.

Wnt5A signals through various receptors that confer versatile biological functions. Here, we used Wnt5A overexpressing human ovarian SKOV-3 and OVCAR-3 stable clones for assessing integrin expression, cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and the ability of multicellular aggregates (MCAs) formation. We found here, that Wnt5A regulates differently the expression of its receptors in the stable Wnt5A overexpressing clones. The expression levels of Frizzled (FZD)-2 and -5, were increased in different clones. However ROR-1, -2 expression levels were differently regulated in clones. Wnt5A overexpressing clones showed increased cell proliferation, migration, and clonogenicity. Moreover, Wnt5A overexpressing SKOV-3 clone showed increased MCAs formation ability. Cell invasion had been increased in OVCAR-3-derived clones, while this was decreased in SKOV-3-derived clone. Importantly, αv integrin expression levels were increased in all assessed clones, accompanied by increased cell attachment to fibronectin and focal adhesion kinase activity. Moreover, the treatment of clones with Box5 as a Wnt5A/FZD5 antagonist abrogates ITGAV increase, cell proliferation, migration, and their attachment to fibronectin. Accordingly, we observed significantly higher expression levels of ITGAV and ITGB3 in human high-grade serous ovarian cancer specimens and ITGAV correlated positively with Wnt5A in metastatic serous type ovarian cancer. In summary, we hypothesize here, that Wnt5A/FZD-5 signaling modulate αv integrin expression levels that could be associated with ovarian cancer cell proliferation, migration, and fibronectin attachment.

Long-Term Inhibition of Notch in A-375 Melanoma Cells Enhances Tumor Growth Through the Enhancement of AXIN1, CSNK2A3, and CEBPA2 as Intermediate Genes in Wnt and Notch Pathways.

Notch suppression by gamma-secretase inhibitors is a valid approach against melanoma. However, most of studies have evaluated the short-term effect of DAPT on tumor cells or even cancer stem cells. In the present study, we surveyed the short-term and long-term effects of DAPT on the stem cell properties of A375 and NA8 as melanoma cell lines. The effects of DAPT were tested both in vitro and in vivo using xenograft models. In A375 with B-raf mutation, DAPT decreased the level of NOTCH1, NOTH2, and HES1 as downstream genes of the Notch pathway. This was accompanied by enhanced apoptosis after 24 h treatment, arrest in the G2-M phase, and impaired ability of colony and melanosphere formation at the short term. Moreover, tumor growth also reduced during 13 days of treatment. However, long-term treatment of DAPT promoted tumor growth in the xenograft model and enhanced the number and size of colonies and spheroids in vitro. The gene expression studies confirmed the up-regulation of Wnt and Notch downstream genes as well as AXIN1, CSNK2A3, and CEBPA2 following the removal of Notch inhibitor in vitro and in the xenograft model. Moreover, the Gompertz-based mathematical model determined a new drug resistance term in the present study. Our data supported that the long-term and not short-term inhibition of Notch by DAPT may enhance tumor growth and motility through up-regulation of AXIN1, CSNK2A3, and CEBPA2 genes in B-raf mutated A375 cells.

Wnt11 alters integrin and cadherin expression by ovarian cancer spheroids and inhibits tumorigenesis and metastasis.

The present study investigated the role of Wnt11 in multicellular tumor spheroid-like structures (MCTS) ovarian cancer cell proliferation, migration and invasion in vitro and in vivo tumorigenesis and metastasis in xenograft nude mice model. Moreover, samples from human serous ovarian cancer (SOC) were used to assess the association of Wnt11 with integrins and cadherins. The data showed that Wnt11 overexpressing SKOV-3 cells became more compact accompanied by increased expression of E-and N-cadherin and lower expression of EpCAM and CD44. The α5, ß2, ß3 and ß6 integrin subunits expression levels were significantly reduced in Wnt11 overexpressing cells accompanied with significantly reduced disaggregation of Wnt11 overexpressing SKOV-3 MCTS on ECM components. Moreover, Wnt11 overexpressing SKOV-3 MCTS showed decreased migration, invasion as well as no tumor growth and metastasis in vivo. We found that Wnt11 significantly and negatively correlated with ITGB2, ITGB6, and EpCAM and positively with CDH-1 in high-grade SOC specimens. Our results suggest that Wnt11 impedes MCTS attachment to ECM components and therefore can affect ovarian cancer progression.

Effect of lithium chloride and antineoplastic drugs on survival and cell cycle of androgen-dependent prostate cancer LNCap cells.

OBJECTIVE: Glycogen synthase kinase-3ß (GSK-3ß) has been reported to be required for androgen receptor (AR) activity. This study sought to determine the usefulness of lithium chloride (LiCl) as a highly selective inhibitor of GSK-3ß to increase the sensitivity of LNCap cells to doxorubicin (Dox), etoposide (Eto), and vinblastine (Vin) drugs. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thiazolyl Blue Tetrazolium Blue (MTT) assay was used to determine the cytotoxic effect to LiCl alone or in combination with low dose and IC50 doses of drugs. Subsequently, cell cycle analysis was performed by using flow cytometry. RESULTS: LiCl showed cytotoxic effect in a dose- and time-dependent manner (P<0.001). Both Dox (100 or 280 nM) and Vin IC50 (5 nM) doses caused G2/M-phase arrest (P<0.001) compared with control. However, low dose (10 µM) or IC50 (70 µM) Eto doses showed G2/M or S-phase arrests, respectively (P<0.001). Combination of low dose or IC50 dose of Eto with LiCl showed increased apoptosis as revealed by high percent of cells in SubG1 (P<0.05, P<0.01, respectively). Moreover, Eto (10 µM) led to decreased percent of cells in G2/M phase when combined with LiCl (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: This study showed that LiCl increases apoptosis of (LNCap) Lymph Node Carcinoma of the Prostate cells in the presence of Eto, which is S- and G2-phase-specific drug.