Characterization of pollen profile of Apis mellifera L. in arid region of Pakistan.

Honeybees rely exclusively on pollen and nectar-producing plants for strengthening their colonies and manufacturing honey. Little is known about the indigenous melliferous flora of arid zones of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK) which is crucial for honey production and how different pollen assessment techniques effect the identification of indigenous melliferous pollen flora. Visual survey and loads ensnaring through pollen traps were used to identify the botanical profile of melliferous pollen flora of Dera Ismail Khan (DIKhan), Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The test time extended for two consecutive years 2018 and 2019. The study revealed 56 plant species as pollen flora with 18 significant pollen producing species in visual survey technique while 8 species as predominant flora in pollen trapping technique. The major pollen species found common in both the techniques were Brassica napus L., Brassica campestris L., Trifolium alaxandrinum L., Zea mays L., Acacia modesta L., Citrus aurantium L., Euclyptus spp., and Morus alba L. Pollen interception and palynological analysis of pollen were found to be more reliable techniques as compared to focal observations. More than fifty % differences were found by comparing the results of the visual survey and pollen trapping technique in major flora of DIKhan. Based on the availability, utility status and flowering duration of apiphilic flora, mid-February to mid-May was found to be a significant pollen flow period in the study area. Maximum benefit can be taken in this period through trapping ample amount of pollen and stored for using in artificial diets, selling and feeding bees during dearth period.

Outcomes of Primary Unilateral Cheiloplasty in Same-Day Surgical Settings.

BACKGROUND: Financial, clinical, and psychological considerations have made same-day surgery an attractive option for a variety of procedures. This article aimed to analyse the postoperative results of same-day primary unilateral cleft nasolabial repair. METHODS: This study was performed from 2011 to 2014. Unilateral cleft lip patients fulfilling the inclusion criteria were preoperatively classified as mild, moderate, and severe. All patients underwent same-day surgery and were discharged after satisfying the appropriate clinical criteria, receiving thorough counselling, and the establishment of a means of communication by phone. Postoperative outcomes were assessed and stratified according to preoperative severity and the type of repair. RESULTS: A total of 423 primary unilateral cleft lip patients were included. Fisher's anatomical subunit approximation technique was the most common procedure, followed by Noordhoff's technique. The postoperative outcome was good in 89.8% of cases, fair in 9.9% of cases, and poor in 0.2% of cases. The complication rate was 1.18% (n=5), and no instances of mortality were observed. The average hospital stay was 7.5 hours, leading to a cost reduction of 19% in comparison with patients who stayed overnight for observation. CONCLUSIONS: Mild unilateral cleft lip was the most common deformity for which Fisher's anatomical subunit approximation technique was performed in most of the cases, with satisfactory postoperative outcomes. Refinements in the cleft rhinoplasty techniques over the course of the study improved the results regarding cleft nasal symmetry. Single-day primary unilateral cleft cheiloplasty was found to be a cost-effective procedure that did not pose an additional risk of complications.

Development and validation of HPLC analytical method for nepafenac in ophthalmic dosage form (suspension).

The aim of the present study was to develop and validate an analytical method for the estimation of nepafenac as a raw material as well as in dosage form (suspension) by using reverse phase high performance liquid chromatographic (RP-HPLC). The target was to obtain an easy, rapid, reproducible as well as a rugged method. The HPLC system that was used in the proposed study was LC-20AD liquid chromatograph equipped with SPD-20A UV-VIS detector. The separation was performed on C18 column which was attached with loop 20 ß l. Elution was done at ambient temperature with a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile: Water (40: 60v/v) at a flow rate of 1ml/min and at a wavelength of 254 nm. The proposed method was validated as per the ICH guidelines. The retention time for nepafenac was 7.49 minutes (% CV=0.0076). The percentage coefficient variation (CV) of six consecutive peak areas of injections was 0.34% with tailing factor 1.76. The peak area responses were linear within the concentration range of 0.078-20.0 ßg/ml (R(2)=0.9993). The sensitivity of the method could be evaluated by limits of detection (LOD) (0.0195 ß g/ml) and limits of quantitation (LOQ) (0.039 ß g/ml). Nepafenac drug is s in its diluent that could see by intra-day (% CV =0.45-1.96) and inter-day variation (%CV=0.173-1.898%). The accuracy and recovery results of 80%, 100% and 120% were 97.40% to 102.10% with % CV of 0.3201% to 1.3496%. The robustness and ruggedness of the method are significantly broader and is reproducible. It could be used as a more convenient, efficient, easy and time saving method for the analysis of drug in raw material as well as in dosage form (ophthalmic suspension).

Plastic surgical trauma: A single-centre experience.

OBJECTIVES: To analyse the demographics, mechanism, nature, anatomical distribution, management and complications in trauma patients presenting to the plastic surgery unit. STUDY DESIGN: Descriptive cross-sectional study. SETTING: This study was conducted in the Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Unit, Hayatabad Medical Complex, Peshawar, from 1(st) January 2009 to 30(th) April 2012. MATERIALS AND METHODS: All trauma patients referred from emergency department and other departments irrespective of age and gender were enrolled in the study, excluding acute burns and trauma sequelae patients. The details were obtained from the data sheets of the patients. All the data were analysed and projected in the form of tables and figures. RESULTS: A total of 1034 patients including 855 (82.7%) males and 179 (17.3%) females presented with plastic surgical trauma, with age ranging from 1 to 86 years, with a mean age of 20.84 ± 15.469 SD. The upper limb was affected in 492 (47.6%) patients, followed by head and neck in 273 (26.4%) cases. Road traffic accidents (RTAs) were the main cause of trauma, affecting 340 (32.9%) patients. Wound excision and closure was performed in 473 (45.7%) patients, followed by skin grafting and flap coverage in 232 (22.4%) and 132 (13.2%) patients, respectively. Postoperative complications were observed in 45 (4.35%) patients. CONCLUSION: Males in their young age mainly presented with plastic surgical trauma with RTA as the main mechanism and laceration as the most common type of these injuries. The upper limb was the most commonly affected region. The frequency of different types of surgical procedures and postoperative complications observed are comparable with international literature except for the microvascular surgery which is not performed in our centre. Regular audit of the plastic surgical trauma should be conducted in all plastic surgical units to both improve trauma care and reaffirm the role of Plastic Surgery in the new age trauma.