Electronic Effects in a Green Protocol for (Hetero)Aryl-S Coupling.

Aryl and heteroaryl iodides have been efficiently converted into the corresponding thioacetates in cyclopentyl methyl ether (CPME), a green solvent, under Cu catalysis. The chemoselectivity of the reaction is mainly controlled by electronic factors, enabling the conversion of both electron-rich and electron-deficient substrates into the corresponding thioacetates in good to excellent yields. The products can be easily deprotected to the corresponding thiolates to carry out additional synthetic transformations in situ. Surprisingly, despite CPME's relatively low dielectric constant, the reaction rate significantly increased when conducted under microwave irradiation conditions. This synthetic methodology exhibits a remarkable tolerance to functional groups, mild reaction conditions, and a wide substrate scope, utilizing a safe and inexpensive CuI pre-catalyst in the green solvent CPME. A non-aqueous workup allowing for the complete recovery of both catalyst and solvent makes this approach an environmentally sustainable protocol for C(sp2) sulfur functionalization. Additionally, the reaction shows selective cross-coupling with iodides in competition with chlorides and bromides, allowing its use in multistep syntheses. To demonstrate the potential of this methodology, it was applied to the high-yield synthesis of a photochromic dithienylethene, where a selective synthesis had not been reported before.

Aquivion perfluorosulfonic superacid as an effective catalyst for selective epoxidation of vegetable oils.

The acid-promoted epoxidation of vegetable oils was studied using a variety of acidic ion exchange resins as heterogeneous acid catalysts. Quantitative and selective epoxidation of a series of vegetable oils with different composition of saturated, mono-, di- and tri-unsaturated fatty acids was obtained upon identification of the more efficient catalyst and experimental conditions. Furthermore, optimized reaction conditions were successfully applied to the epoxidation of a waste cooking oil, thus extending our procedure to the valorization of a biowaste, an area of increasing importance within a more sustainable society. The use of quantitative 1HNMR besides making accurate evaluation of the amounts of reagents to be employed and of the selectivity, allowed facile and rapid quantification of mono-, di- and tri-epoxides, thus providing an indirect indication on the fatty acid composition of the vegetable oils, even in the presence of very low quantities of linolenic acid.

Visible-Light Photoredox-Catalyzed Amidation of Benzylic Alcohols.

A new photocatalyzed route to amides from alcohols and amines mediated by visible light is presented. The reaction is carried out in ethyl acetate as a solvent. Ethyl acetate can be defined a green and bio-based solvent. The starting materials such as the energy source are easily available, stable, and inexpensive. The reaction has shown to be general and high yielding.

Cyclopentyl Methyl Ether: An Elective Ecofriendly Ethereal Solvent in Classical and Modern Organic Chemistry.

Solvents represent one of the major contributions to the environmental impact of fine-chemical synthesis. As a result, the use of environmentally friendly solvents in widely employed reactions is a challenge of vast real interest in contemporary organic chemistry. Within this Review, a great variety of examples showing how cyclopentyl methyl ether has been established as particularly useful for this purpose are reported. Indeed, its low toxicity, high boiling point, low melting point, hydrophobicity, chemical stability towards a wide range of conditions, exceptional stability towards the abstraction of hydrogen atoms, relatively low latent heat of vaporization, and the ease with which it can be recovered and recycled enable its successful employment as a solvent in a wide range of synthetic applications, including organometallic chemistry, catalysis, biphasic reactions, oxidations, and radical reactions.

Heterogeneous acidic catalysts for the tetrahydropyranylation of alcohols and phenols in green ethereal solvents.

The application of heterogeneous catalysis and green solvents to the set up of widely employed reactions is a challenge in contemporary organic chemistry. We applied such an approach to the synthesis and further conversion of tetrahydropyranyl ethers, an important class of compounds widely employed in multistep syntheses. Several alcohols and phenols were almost quantitatively converted into the corresponding tetrahydropyranyl ethers in cyclopentyl methyl ether or 2-methyltetrahydrofuran employing NH4HSO4 supported on SiO2 as a recyclable acidic catalyst. Easy work up of the reaction mixtures and the versatility of the solvents allowed further conversion of the reaction products under one-pot reaction conditions.

Chemoselective efficient synthesis of functionalized ß-oxonitriles through cyanomethylation of Weinreb amides.

A synthesis of ß-oxonitriles is reported via the generation of R(1)R(2)CLiCN species followed by the trapping with variously decorated Weinreb amides. The optimization study revealed that lithiation of acetonitriles is best accomplished by deprotonation with MeLi-LiBr at low temperature. The protocol can be conveniently adapted to the synthesis of α-mono or α,α-disubstituted cyanoketones. (15)N- and (17)O-NMR data are reported for selected compounds.

BH3-promoted stereoselective ß-lithiation of N-alkyl-2-phenylaziridines.

BH(3) complexes of N-alkyl-2-phenylaziridines have been synthesized and their structure and stereochemistry proved with DFT calculations and NMR experiments. It has been demonstrated that the Lewis acid complexation is able to promote a regioselective ß-lithiation in 2-phenylaziridino-borane complexes. The lithiated intermediates were configurationally stable, allowing an enantioselective preparation of cis-2,3-disubstituted aziridines.

Tuning the reducing properties of 1,2-diaryl-1,2-disodiumethanes.

We investigated the reducing properties of a series of 1,2-diaryl-1,2-disodiumethanes by means of equilibration reactions. The electron-donor power of these vic-diorganometals is strongly affected by the nature of substituents present either on the aromatic ring(s) or on the carbanionic centers, and it can be correlated with their ability to delocalize the arylmethyl carbanions. These findings are supported by electrochemical analysis of the reduction behavior of the parent 1,2-diarylalkene. Applications of these results to the reduction of selected substrates are described.

Design and synthesis of bis-amide and hydrazide-containing derivatives of malonic acid as potential HIV-1 integrase inhibitors.

HIV-1 integrase (IN) is an attractive and validated target for the development of novel therapeutics against AIDS. In the search for new IN inhibitors, we designed and synthesized three series of bis-amide and hydrazide-containing derivatives of malonic acid. We performed a docking study to investigate the potential interactions of the title compounds with essential amino acids on the IN active site.