Effect of flavonoids from grape seed and cranberry extracts on the microbiological activity of Streptococcus mutans: a systematic review of in vitro studies.

OBJECTIVE: To provide an overview of the available scientific evidence from in vitro studies regarding the effect induced by the flavonoids contained in grape seed extracts (GSE) and cranberry on the microbiological activity of Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans). METHODS: This systematic review was performed following the parameters of the PRISMA statement (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis). Electronic and manual searches were conducted using PubMed, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, EBSCO, and Cochrane databases. Reference lists of selected articles were reviewed to identify relevant studies. The search was not limited by year and was conducted solely in English. Eligible studies comprised publications describing in vitro studies that evaluated the effect of flavonoids derived from GSE and cranberry extracts on the microbiological activity of S. mutans. Common variables were identified to consolidate the data. Authors of this review independently screened search results, extracted data, and assessed the risk of bias. RESULTS: Of the 420 studies identified from the different databases, 22 publications were finally selected for review. The risk of bias was low in 13 articles and moderate in 9. The studies analyzed in this review revealed that cranberry extract has an inhibitory effect on the bacterial growth of S. mutans in ranges from 0.5 mg/mL to 25 mg/mL, and GSE exerts a similar effect from 0.5 mg/mL to 250 mg/mL. Additionally, the extracts or their fractions showed reduced biofilm formation capacity, decreased polymicrobial biofilm biomass, deregulation of glycosyltransferases (Gtf) B and C expression, and buffering of pH drop. In addition to adequate antioxidant activity related to polyphenol content. CONCLUSIONS: The overall results showed that the extracts of cranberry and grape seed were effective in reducing the virulence factors of the oral pathogen. According to the data, proanthocyanidins are the active components in cranberry and grape seed that effectively resist S. mutans. They can inhibit the formation of insoluble polysaccharides in the extracellular matrix and prevent glycan-mediated adhesion, cohesion, and aggregation of the proteins in S. mutans. This suggests that these natural extracts could play an important role in the prevention of cariogenic bacterial colonization, as well as induce a decrease in their microbiological activity.

Comparison of the Clinical Effectiveness of Intra-Articular Injection with Different Substances After TMJ Arthroscopy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Objective: This systematic review aims to describe the clinical outcomes after TMJ arthroscopy followed by intra articular infiltration with different substances. Materials and Methods: A literature search was carried out, the variables were Arthroscopy with different substances, pain and maximal mouth opening. The inclusion criteria were articles that reported infiltration of different substances after arthroscopy. Case series, observational studies, and randomized clinical trials were included. Exclusion criteria were studies that included arthrocentesis, animal studies, connective tissue disease, patients with previous surgeries. Results: Of the 5 studies finally included, the population studied were 346 subjects, of which 315 were female. The mean age was 34.7 (16-77). Regarding diagnoses, Wilkes III and Wilkes IV were taken into account. The most commonly used substance was sodium hyaluronate/hyaluronic acid in 4 of the 5 studies. Conclusion: Multiple substances have been infiltrated within the temporomandibular joint, with sodium hyaluronate/hyaluronic acid being the most studied. However, the benefit of substances like ATM artroscopia adyuvantes has not been clearly established. It is recommended in future studies that the substances and results be evaluated in the same way to obtain more homogeneous studies.

Comparison of the TMJ arthroscopy discopexy techniques: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

This article aims to analyze which of the main arthroscopic discopexy techniques has the best results and if there are differences between the techniques for both pain and maxillary intercuspid opening. A systematic review and meta-analysis was performed according to the PRISMA statement. An electronic search was performed with no publication date restriction in PubMed, Ovid and Embase. The PICO criteria: (P) Patients: With temporomandibular internal disorders with discopexy indication. (I) Intervention: Temporomandibular joint arthroscopic discopexy. (C) Comparison: Arthroscopic discopexy among different techniques classified as non-rigid, semi-rigid and rigid. (O) Outcomes: Impact in clinical conditions such as pain and maximum mouth opening. The inclusion criteria were Patients with temporomandibular internal disorders with discopexy indication performed with different techniques classified as non-rigid, semi-rigid and rigid. The outcomes evaluated were pain and maximum mouth opening. Case series, cohort studies, quasi-experimental studies, and randomized clinical trials with at least 3 months of follow-up were included. The exclusion criteria considered were patients with related concomitant surgeries, patients with associated neoplastic disease or connective tissue disease. A total of 1515 joints where 1400 discopexies were performed including 849 females and 204 males. The most common diagnostic was Wilkes stage III in 257 joints. For pain and oral opening, the semi-rigid technique shows the best results median (MD) 4.84 (CI 2.52-7.16; p = 0.001, I2:100%), MD -2.78 (CI -4.34, -1.21; p = 0.001, I2:99%), respectively. The rigid technique has the greatest probability for complications MD 0.14 CI 95% (0.00, -0.28). Although the semi-rigid technique showed better results, there is no statistically significant difference. However, due to the heterogeneity of the studies, the results should be interpreted with caution.

Antibiofilm and Immune-Modulatory Activity of Cannabidiol and Cannabigerol in Oral Environments-In Vitro Study.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the in vitro antimicrobial and antibiofilm properties and the immune modulatory activity of cannabidiol (CBD) and cannabigerol (CBG) on oral bacteria and periodontal ligament fibroblasts (PLF). METHODS: Cytotoxicity was assessed by propidium iodide flow cytometry on fibroblasts derived from the periodontal ligament. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of CBD and CBG for S. mutans and C. albicans and the metabolic activity of a subgingival 33-species biofilm under CBD and CBG treatments were determined. The Quantification of cytokines was performed using the LEGENDplex kit (BioLegend, Ref 740930, San Diego, CA, USA). RESULTS: CBD-treated cell viability was greater than 95%, and for CBG, it was higher than 88%. MIC for S. mutans with CBD was 20 µM, and 10 µM for CBG. For C. albicans, no inhibitory effect was observed. Multispecies biofilm metabolic activity was reduced by 50.38% with CBD at 125 µg/mL (p = 0.03) and 39.9% with CBG at 62 µg/mL (p = 0.023). CBD exposure at 500 µg/mL reduced the metabolic activity of the formed biofilm by 15.41%, but CBG did not have an effect. CBG at 10 µM caused considerable production of anti-inflammatory mediators such as TGF-ß and IL-4 at 12 h. CBD at 10 µM to 20 µM produced the highest amount of IFN-γ. CONCLUSION: Both CBG and CBD inhibit S. mutans; they also moderately lower the metabolic activity of multispecies biofilms that form; however, CBD had an effect on biofilms that had already developed. This, together with the production of anti-inflammatory mediators and the maintenance of the viability of mammalian cells from the oral cavity, make these substances promising for clinical use and should be taken into account for future studies.

Hypochlorous Acid as a Potential Postsurgical Antimicrobial Agent in Periodontitis: A Randomized, Controlled, Non-Inferiority Trial.

BACKGROUND: Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) is an antimicrobial agent with high affinity to Gram-negative bacteria of the subgingival biofilm. It could have an equivalent or no inferiority effect to chlorhexidine (CHX) to avoid recolonization of these microorganisms after the post-surgical period. OBJECTIVE: The objective is to compare the reduction of plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), pocket depth (PD), gain of clinical attachment level (CAL), and bacterial recolonization of periodontopathic microorganisms in subgingival biofilm at 7, 21, and 90 days after Open Flap Debridement (OFD) under two antimicrobial protocols: (A) HOCl 0.05% followed by HOCl 0.025% and (B) CHX 0.2%/CHX 0.12% used per 21 days without regular oral hygiene during the post-surgical period. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A no-inferiority randomized controlled trial was carried out. Thirty-two patients were randomly divided to receive each antiplaque protocol after OFD in patients with periodontitis. Clinical indexes and bacterial recolonization were assessed using qPCR for up to 90 days. Data were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA, mixed effects models adjusted for treatment, time, and the Chi-squared/Fisher test. A no-inferiority analysis was also performed using the Hodges-Lehmann hypothesis test for non-inferiority. RESULTS: HOCl was not inferior to CHX in reducing PI. Both groups showed a comparable reduction of recolonization for Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, and Eubacterium nodatum. However, the HOCl protocol was non-inferior to the CHX protocol for Treponema denticola and Aggregatibacter actinomicetemcomitans. CONCLUSIONS: HOCl improved periodontal healing. HOCl showed an impact in reducing the recolonization of periodontopathic bacteria in the postoperative period.

Differential analysis of culturable and unculturable subgingival target microorganisms according to the stages of periodontitis.

OBJECTIVES: Culturable and unculturable microorganisms have been associated with periodontitis. Their differential proportions and composition have not been evaluated by their severity and complexity defined by stages in the 2018 AAP-EEP classification. METHODS: One hundred eighty subgingival biofilm samples were collected in Spain and Colombia from subjects categorized as health/gingivitis: periodontitis stages I/II periodontitis stages III/IV. Target culturable microorganisms (Porphyromonas gingivalis, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Tannerella forsythia, Treponema denticola, and Eubacterium nodatum) and target unculturable microorganisms (Filifactor alocis, Eubacterium saphenum, Eubacterium brachy, Desulfobulbus oralis) were evaluated by quantitative PCR analysis. In addition, their differences and association with periodontal status were analyzed by ANCOVA and logistic regression models once adjusted to age, current smoking, and country. RESULTS: P. gingivalis was significantly associated with periodontitis stages I/II, OR 2.44 (CI 95% 1.08-5.47) and stages III/V, OR 6.43 (CI 95% 2.43-16.9). T forsythia, OR 7.53 (CI 95% 2.07-27.4); D. oralis, OR 5.99 (CI 95% 2.71-13.23); F. alocis, OR 10.9 (CI 95% 4.56-23.2); E. brachy, 3.57 (CI 95% 1.40-9.11); and E. saphenum, 4.85 (CI 95% 1.99-11.7) were significantly associated only with stages III/IV periodontitis. P. gingivalis evidenced significant differences with the increase in the severity of the periodontal lesion: 2.97 colony forming unit (CFU)/µL (CI 95% 2.32-3.54) health/gingivitis, and 4.66 CFU/µL (CI 95% 4.03-5.30) and 5.90 CFU/µL (CI 95% 5.20-6.48) in stages I/II and III/IV respectively (p < 0.0001). Unculturable microorganisms only evidenced differences in concentration in stages III/IV compared with health-gingivitis (p ≤ 0.001). CONCLUSION: Culturable and unculturable are strongly associated with stages III/IV periodontitis. Classic culturable microorganisms are more sensitive to differentiate between stages of periodontitis in the quantitative analysis. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Future interventional studies of periodontal disease should include Filifactor alocis, Eubacterium saphenum, Eubacterium brachy, and Desulfobulbus oralis as possible markers of therapy response and as indicators of progressive disease.

Parents' Perception of Barriers to the Comprehensive Management of Children With Cleft Lip and Palate in Bogota, Colombia.

OBJECT: To identify the perception of barriers to the comprehensive management of cleft lip and palate (CLP) by parents/caregivers of Colombian children with this condition. SETTING AND SAMPLE POPULATION: Fifty parents/caregivers of children with CLP under 12 years attending a center specialized in the management of craniofacial congenital conditions in Bogota, Colombia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study consisted of 2 phases: a quantitative phase (descriptive cross-sectional) and a qualitative phase (focus group [FG]). Chi-square and Fisher exact tests were used to analyze the association variables. The barriers and alternative ways to overcome barriers were analyzed in the FG. RESULTS: Comprehensive management was mostly defined as access to multiple treatments (54%), and this concept was expanded in the FG toward understanding CLP at all levels. Monoparental families spend their income on treatments (29%) than nuclear families (0%) (P = .001). All parents with high education levels were familiar with healthcare centers specialized in CLP as opposed to 66.7% of parents with basic primary education (P < .05). Regarding the timeliness of appointments, 12.2% of parents earning between 1 and 2 minimum wages reported some kind of difficulty, whereas those earning less than one minimum wage reported difficulties in 66.7% of cases (P = .046). CONCLUSIONS: All participants reported barriers, which increased or decreased depending on their socioeconomic status. The FG allowed the discussion of alternatives to overcome barriers, such as structural, solidarity, and self-management actions.

Comparative analysis of two biomaterials mixed with autogenous bone graft for vertical ridge augmentation: A histomorphometric study in humans.

BACKGROUND: The vertical increase of the alveolar ridge dimension using allograft or xenograft mixed with autogenous bone graft and covered by a nonabsorbable high-density polytetrafluoroethylene (d-PTFE) membrane is well documented in the literature. PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to assess vital mineralized tissue formation in vertical ridge augmentation (VRA) procedures using autogenous bone chips mixed either with an allograft or a xenograft. METHODS: This prospective clinical trial recruited 16 partially edentulous patients to undergo vertical ridge augmentation in one or more sites, making up a total of 24 samples for histological evaluation. Patients were sequentially stratified into Group A (treated with a freeze-dried bone allograft [FDBA] mixed with autogenous bone) or to Group B (treated with a bovine xenograft mixed with autogenous bone). Histological samples were analyzed according to the biomaterial used for VRA. Histological samples were obtained on the same day of membrane removal and implant placement. RESULTS: Thirty-three implants were placed in 16 sites of regenerated bone via VRA, 13 patients with ridge augmentation in the posterior mandible, and 3 patients with VRA in the anterior maxilla. Group A (FDBA + autogenous) and Group B (xenograft + autogenous) showed a percent vital mineralized tissue (VMT) area of 67.64 ± 16.84 and 60.93 ± 18.25, respectively. A significant difference between the two biomaterials was not observed. CONCLUSION: When mixed with autogenous bone, either allografts or xenografts may provide a successful augmentation. Either mixture could serve as reliable alternative in VRA for obtaining a high percentage of VMT.

Intraoperative complications in temporomandibular joint arthroscopy: A retrospective observational analysis of 899 arthroscopies.

This study aims to describe intraoperative complications in temporomandibular joint arthroscopy in patients with Wilkes stage II, III y IV. An analytic observational retrospective study. Inclusion criteria were patients who had no improvement with conservative treatment diagnosed as Wilkes II stage to Wilkes stage IV, and no previous TMJ surgery. Exclusion criteria were disc perforation observed by arthroscopy. Data collected from 458 patients (899 arthroscopies). Of this population, 772 (85.8%) arthroscopies correspond to women, and 127 men (14.1%). Of the sample evaluated, 368 (40.9%) were arthroscopic without discopexy, and 531 (59%) were arthroscopic with discopexy using resorbable pins. In total, 330 complications (36.7%) were found, of which 293 (32.5%) were implicated with iatrogenic damage to the anatomy, and 36 (4%) were associated with some instrument failure. Of this total number of complications, 191 (51.9%) of 386 corresponded to the arthroscopy without discopexy group and 138 (25.9%) of 531 corresponded to the arthroscopy with discopexy group. These study data suggest that the main complications were irrigation fluid extravasation (p = 0.000), and intra-articular bleeding (p = 0.001) followed by pin problems (p = 0.001) in cases of arthroscopies with discopexy. Within the limitations of the study it seems that the learning curve has an important influence on the occurrence of complications. At the beginning of the learning curve, complications are more related to anatomy. Afterwards, the rate of complications decreases but they are more related to the instruments used in advanced techniques. Therefore, proper training and a wide learning curve can reduce the risk of complications and if any occur, more timely management could be given.

Validation of an erosive tooth wear risk factors questionnaire for adolescents.

OBJECTIVE: To validate a questionnaire for the identification of factors associated with erosive tooth wear (ETW) in adolescents. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Based on previous questionnaires, a 73-question instrument was designed (four domains: socio-demographics, general/oral health history, diet and oral care habits). Content validity was assessed by five external experts, and the questions' understandability was evaluated in a pilot study (10 adolescents). Three internal experts agreed on modifications. Construct validity was assessed after the resulting questionnaire was applied to 454 12- to 15-year olds from Bogotá (Colombia). Statistical analyses included exploratory factor analysis (EFA), internal consistency, and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). RESULTS: After the content validation, 52% of the questions were excluded and remaining 38 questions were adjusted. Construct validation: The EFA resulted in the regrouping of questions into the three remaining domains (KMO = 0.68; Bartlett's test: p < 0.001). Internal consistency was good (general questionnaire Cronbach's α = 0.67; individual factors' Cronbach's α = 0.30-0.69; ICC = 0.39-0.62; p < 0.001), and the model showed satisfactory fit. CFA showed good convergent and discriminatory validity suggesting the elimination of 14 additional questions (χ2 = 238.518; p > 0.086; CFI = 0.96; TLI = 0.95; RMSEA = 0.017; PRATIO = 0.76). The final validated questionnaire comprised 24 questions (general/oral health history: n = 5; dietary habits: n = 15; oral care habits: n = 4). CONCLUSION: The validation of the ETW questionnaire for adolescents was satisfactory and resulted in a short applicable questionnaire version. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: This study achieved a satisfactorily validated, short, and applicable questionnaire for assessing erosive tooth wear risk factors in adolescents, recommended for the clinical practice, research, and epidemiology.

Craniofacial Growth Analysis of Individuals With and Without Cleft Lip and Palate in Colombia.

INTRODUCTION: Craniofacial growth is a dynamic and unpredictable process influenced by genetic and environmental factors, presenting phenotypic and gender differences. OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the differences in craniofacial growth and development in a group of Colombian individuals with complete unilateral and bilateral cleft lip and palate (CLP) and without CLP, classified by gender and age. SETTING AND SAMPLE POPULATION: Five hundred forty-one profile radiographs of 126 patients with unilateral CLP, 126 with bilateral CLP, and 289 without CLP. All patients of affected groups had a history of CLP correction surgery without nasoalveolar molding with orthopedic and orthodontic treatments. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This cross-sectional study was performed comparing 8 cephalometric measurements on radiographs, 5 linear/3 angular. Analysis was performed by median and interquartile range for all cephalometric measurements. Comparison between the groups was performed using Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U, with a 95% confidence. RESULTS: Significant differences between the groups of patients with and without CLP, between types of clefts and genders. The skeletal structures of patients with CLP were smaller than those of control but improved with growth. Patients with unilateral CLP presented flat profiles and predominant class III malocclusions, while patients with bilateral CLP, at early ages, were class II and in the prepubertal stage, the values were progressively negative until the end of the growth period, suggesting class III. Patients with CLP presented posteroinferior rotation of the mandible, vertical measurements increased, and deflection of the cranial base. CONCLUSION: Given their growth alterations, patients with CLP benefit from orthopedic and orthodontic treatment.

Chemopreventive and Anti-tumor Potential of Natural Products in Oral Cancer.

Oral cancer (OC) is a multifactorial disease caused by isolated or combined risk factors related to tobacco, alcohol consumption, and human papillomavirus infection. It is an aggressive pathology with a low five-year survival rate after surgery, chemotherapy, and/or radiotherapy, frequently associated with severe side effects. Drugs with the highest anti-tumor effect are obtained from natural products with diverse biological and molecular activities and potential chemopreventive and anticancer properties. This review summarizes the natural products reported to have the chemopreventive and anti-tumor potential for OC treatment, showing that several of these compounds are promising candidates as chemopreventive agents, and those with the highest anti-tumor potential induce apoptosis and inhibit proliferation and metastasis-related processes. For this reason, natural products have the potential to be important preventive and therapeutic options for OC in the future.

Clinical outcomes of operative arthroscopy and temporomandibular medical infiltration with platelet-rich fibrin in upper and lower articular space.

This study aims to describe the short-term therapeutic results of patients treated with operative arthroscopy and medical infiltration with platelet-rich fibrin in upper and lower articular space. The study design is descriptive observational with retrospective case series of patients with Wilkes II and III. These patients were managed with operative arthroscopy viscosupplementation with platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) and were followed up for up to 8 months to evaluate their response to treatment. 17 patients were included in the study. In the pre-surgical assessment (T1) mean VAS was 7.1 and MID was 22.2 mm. Eight months later (T4) a relevant improvement in both mentioned variables MID 38.2 ± 4.1 and VAS 1.1 ± 0.2 was observed. Regarding the reduction of pain, a significant improvement in symptoms were found, this being 84.6% ± 3.5% and in mandibular mobility satisfactory results were also obtained, improving in 41.7% ± 20.9%. Within the limitations of the study temporomandibular joint arthroscopy and medical infiltration platelet-rich fibrin viscosupplementation is a procedure of limited invasiveness that shows promising results.

Correlation between MRI-diagnosed joint effusion and demographic, clinical, imaging, and arthroscopic findings of the temporomandibular joint.

Our study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of MRI in cases of joint effusion and documented its relationship with clinical and arthroscopic findings. A cross-sectional study was carried out, using the following selection criteria: clinical, radiological, and MRI-based diagnosis of joint pathology; joint pain; and indication for minimally invasive management with arthroscopy. Arthroscopic analysis, included synovitis, adhesions, chondromalacia, and disc perforations. These variables were recorded and compared with MRI findings of effusion. Data were analyzed using chi-square and Fisher's exact tests. In total, 44 temporomandibular joints were studied, of which 38 corresponded to women; 21 cases were diagnosed as Wilkes IV-V, with effusion found in all of them. The presence of effusion was significantly related to synovitis (p = 0.031) and adherences (p = 0.042). Pain was significantly related to the presence of effusion (p = 0.002), Wilkes advanced stages (p = 0.006), synovitis (p = 0.031), and adherences (p = 0.004). Regarding maximum mouth opening, there was no significant correlation with the variables studied, aside from gender and Wilkes classification. There was a significant correlation between the presence of joint effusion detected by MRI and clinical and arthroscopic findings. This suggests that effusion diagnosed by magnetic resonance has a significant value. Therefore, an adequate presurgical examination should be considered before submitting the patient to an invasive diagnostic procedure.

Comparison of Cell Viability and Chemical Composition of Six Latest Generation Orthodontic Wires.

Orthodontic wires are made of alloys containing different metals, including nickel. It is important to evaluate their biocompatibility prior to use, owing to their long-term use in patients. This in vitro study compared the cytotoxicity and chemical composition of six latest orthodontic wires: Fantasia®, Tanzo®, FLI®, NT3®, DuoForce®, and Gummetal®. The before-use group consisted of wires that were not used in the mouth, and the after-use group consisted of wires that were used in the mouth for two months. The wires were placed in contact with human gingival fibroblasts (HGF) for 72 h, and cytotoxicity was determined using the resazurin test. The chemical composition and surface characterisation were evaluated by spectrometry and scanning electron microscopy. The groups were compared using ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis test. Only the FLI® wires produced a 36% reduction in HGF viability (p < 0.05) and presented greater irregularities and loss of polymer structure. After-use wires showed a significant reduction in the percentage of nickel and the appearance of new elements (oxygen and carbon). Therefore, it can be concluded that no toxic ion release was noticed in this study. Rhodium-coated wires were more stable than PTFE-coated wires, and only the FLI® wires showed a slight cytotoxic effect.

Diagnostic accuracy of clinical visualization and light-based tests in precancerous and cancerous lesions of the oral cavity and oropharynx: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: Evaluate and compare the performance of autofluorescence, chemiluminescence, and clinical visual examination in the detection of oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD), oral cancer (OC), and oropharyngeal cancer (OPC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A systematic review with meta-analysis based on diagnostic test studies. A literature search was carried out in the MEDLINE and EMBASE databases through August 30, 2020. For this review, the quality assessment tool of diagnostic precision studies (QUADAS-2) was used. Hierarchical regression models were used to estimate pooled diagnostic precision values in a random effects model. RESULTS: A total of 40 studies were identified for this review according to each test evaluated: 5.562 samples for autofluorescence, 1.353 samples for chemiluminescence, and 1.892 samples for clinical examination. The summary measures sensitivity and specificity of the clinical examination were 63% and 78%, respectively, AUC = 0.78 95% CI (0.74-0.81). In the autofluorescence test, these were 86% and 72%, respectively, AUC = 0.86 95% CI (0.83-0.89); and the chemiluminescent test were 67% and 48%, respectively, AUC = 0.59 95% CI (0.54-0.63) CONCLUSIONS: Autofluorescence devices displayed superior accuracy levels in the identification of premalignant lesions and early neoplastic changes compared to clinical examination and chemiluminescent test. Overall, biopsy remains the gold standard for the definitive diagnosis of OPMD, OC, and OPC. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Light-based clinical methods such as autofluorescence and chemiluminescence techniques have been used in clinical diagnosis for the differentiation of OPMD and malignant and benign lesions; although detailed visual examination appears to be effective in identifying, previous systematic reviews have not evaluated a relevant number of studies and they did not evaluate the accuracy of the clinical examination.

Human Salivary α-Amylase and Starch Digestion: A Simple and Inexpensive At-Home Laboratory Experience in Times of the COVID-19 Pandemic.

The first case of coronavirus disease 2019 in Colombia was detected on March 6, 2020. Subsequently, schools, colleges, and universities were closed on March 26, which forced a massive migration to virtual education and impacted laboratory-based teaching courses. The teaching of biochemistry requires an experimental component that virtual laboratories cannot emulate. To address this concern, the article describes an at-home biochemistry laboratory experience that explores the hydrolysis of starch by α-amylase as a function of enzyme concentration, reaction time, and pH. The general success of the experience was assessed through the quality of information submitted through laboratory reports and feedback from students. A total of 19 laboratory reports were reviewed, and 50 students were surveyed. The analysis indicated that approximately 90% of students expressed favorable opinions about the experience. They understood the objective of the practice, identified the function of each material, and explained the relationship between the obtained results and concepts of enzyme activity presented in theoretical classes. Finally, the study concluded that the at-home laboratory experience is inexpensive and easy to perform outside the traditional laboratory. Furthermore, it enables a genuine practical experience with observations, data collection, analysis, and discussion of results, which meets the expectations for pharmaceutical chemistry students at the Universidad El Bosque in Bogotá, Colombia.

Postoperative Safety and Satisfaction in Patients With Microtia.

PURPOSE: The reconstructive approach for microtia should employ a surgical technique that reconstructs the atrial anatomy; therefore, multiple surgical techniques have been described, and these have undergone variations due to adaptation by different authors. This study aims to assess the postoperative safety and satisfaction of patients with microtia undergoing surgery with the ear reconstruction technique. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was performed in patients undergoing ear reconstruction with costochondral grafts. The patients were treated in the craniomaxillofacial surgery services of hospitals in Mexico and Colombia from 2008 to 2018. All medical records from the entire study population were included, including complete photographic records and informed consents. A descriptive analysis was performed to characterize the clinical variables and complications. Bivariate analysis was performed using Fisher's exact χ2 test to explore the relationship between clinical and demographic variables with respect to complications. RESULTS: A total of 410 patients were followed for a period of 12 to 16 months. Only 10% of the sample presented some type of complication. A common complication was dehiscence of the atrial area (23 patients), as well as poor anatomical reproduction (7 patients) due to the collapse of the drainage tubes in the first postoperative phase. No connection was found between the presence of complications and side or type, and no congenital anomalies were found to be associated with microtia (P > .05). The helix and the antihelix were the anatomical areas with greater satisfaction scores. CONCLUSIONS: Costochondral cartilage is the gold standard reconstruction technique; the results of this study suggest a low complication rate and high scores of satisfaction after reconstruction. However, the technique requires constant adaptation to obtain better satisfaction results.

Human papilloma virus genotypes in dysplasia and epithelial hyperplasia of oral cavity using the luminex xmap technology. A multicenter study

BACKGROUND: Oral cancer associated with high risk (HPV-HR) human papilloma virus (HPV) has been increasing. HPV-HR has been associated with epithelial dysplasia, however, little information exists on its frequency in epithelial hyperplasia lesions. The aim of this study is to compare HPV genotypes in dysplastic and hyperplastic lesions of oral cavity. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Two hundred and fifty oral lesions: 131 dysplasia and 119 hyperplasia from two regions of Colombia were evaluated. One hundred seventy-four coming from urban area and 104 from a high risk population to oral cancer from a rural area. HPV was identified by qPCR and Twenty-four HPVs genotypes were evaluated by Luminex(R) technology. Logistic regressions were performed to establish the associations between HPV infections with oral dysplasia. RESULTS: Twenty-eight percent (70/250) of the samples were positives for any HPV and HPV-HRs were more frequently than low risk HPVs. HPV-16 was the most detected genotype (16%) followed by HPV-31, 53, 18 and 45. HPV, HPV-HRs and HPV-16 were only associated with dysplasia in urban area; OR 3.28 (CI 95% 1.49-7.17), OR 7.94 (CI 95% 2.97-21.2) and OR 5.90 (CI 95% 2.05-17). Individuals in rural area showed more HPV and HPV-HRs infection in hyperplasic lesions than urban population. The majority of HPV+ lesions had multi-type of HPV (52/70) and the urban individuals showed more genotypes than rural population. CONCLUSIONS: HPV-.HRs are frequently found in hyperplastic and dysplastic epithelial lesions. HPV-HRs and HPV-16 were associated with dysplasia in urban population. Rural high risk population and urban population differ in the frequency and variety of HPV genotypes

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