Age and socio-economic status affect dengue and COVID-19 incidence: spatio-temporal analysis of the 2020 syndemic in Buenos Aires City.

In early 2020, Argentina experienced the worst dengue outbreak in its history, concomitant with first-to-date increasing COVID-19 cases. Dengue epidemics in temperate Argentina have already been described as spatially heterogeneous; in the previous 2016 outbreak, transmission occurred 7.3 times more frequently in slums compared to the rest of Buenos Aires City (CABA). These informal settlements have deficient sanitary conditions, precarious housing and high incidence of social vulnerabilities. The purpose of this work was to study the spatio-temporal patterns of the 2020 dengue epidemic in CABA in relation to socio-economic living conditions of its inhabitants and its interaction with the onset of COVID-19. The study considered the period between Jan 1st and May 30th 2020. Dengue and COVID-19 databases were obtained from the National Health Surveillance System; each record was anonymized and geo-localized. The city was divided according to census tracts and grouped in four socio-economic strata: slums, high, mid and low residential. An aligned-rank transform ANOVA was performed to test for differences in the incidence of dengue and COVID-19, and age at death due to COVID-19, among socio-economic strata, four age categories and their interaction. The incidence by cluster was calculated with a distance matrix up to 600 m from the centroid. Spatial joint dengue and COVID-19 risk was estimated by multiplying the nominal risk for each disease, defined from 1 (low) to 5 (high) according to their quantiles. During the study period, 7,175 dengue cases were registered in CABA (incidence rate 23.3 cases per 10,000 inh), 29.2% of which occurred in slums. During the same period, 8,809 cases of COVID-19 were registered (28.6 cases per 10,000 inh); over half (51.4%) occurred in slums, where the median age of cases (29 years old) was lower than in residential areas (42 years old). The mean age of the deceased was 58 years old in slums compared to 79 years old outside. The percentage of deaths in patients under 60 years old was 56% in slums compared to 8% in the rest of the city. The incidence of both diseases was higher in slums than in residential areas for most age categories. Spatial patterns were heterogeneous: dengue presented higher incidence values in the southern sector of the city and the west, and low values in highly urbanized quarters, whereas COVID-19 presented higher values in the east, south, high populated areas and slums. The lowest joint risk clusters were located mainly in high residential areas, whereas high joint risk was observed mainly in the south, some western clusters, the historical part of the city and center north. The social epidemiological perspective of dengue and COVID-19 differed, given that socio environmental heterogeneity influenced the burden of both viruses in a different manner. Despite the overwhelming effect of the COVID-19 pandemic, health care towards other diseases, especially in territories with pre-existing vulnerabilities, should not be unattended.

Efectos del ejercicio intenso sobre la función ventricular basal y la respuesta inotrópica, cronotrópica y lusitrópica en ratones / Effects of Strenuous Exercise on Baseline Ventricular Function and Inotropic, Chronotropic and Lusitropic Response in Mice

Introducción El ejercicio leve a moderado reduce los factores de riesgo cardiovascular, mejora estados patológicos previamente establecidos y produce el desarrollo de hipertrofia cardíaca adaptativa. Sin embargo, la respuesta del miocardio frente a un tipo de ejercicio intenso no es del todo conocida. Objetivo Estudiar la función ventricular basal y la reserva miocárdica (respuesta inotrópica, cronotró-pica y lusitrópica frente a un agonista ß-adrenérgico como el isoproterenol) luego de un tipo de ejercicio intenso tanto in vivo como in vitro en ratones. Material y métodos Se utilizaron ratones macho de tres meses de edad de la cepa FVB. El protocolo de ejercicio consistió en dos sesiones diarias de 90 minutos de natación, 6 días/semana durante 4 semanas. Se conformaron dos grupos experimentales: 1) Sedentario: no realiza ejercicio y 2) Ejercicio: realiza protocolo completo de natación intenso. Resultados Al finalizar el protocolo hubo un incremento de la masa ventricular izquierda del 27,9% ± 4%, con función ventricular basal conservada. Sin embargo, hubo una disminución de la respuesta miocárdica al isoproterenol tanto in vivo como in vitro, sin observarse modificaciones en el colágeno intersticial. Conclusiones En nuestras condiciones experimentales, el protocolo de natación, con características de ejercicio intenso, produjo una hipertrofia cardíaca moderada con características mixtas de hipertrofia adaptativa y no adaptativa. Si bien la función basal se mantuvo conservada y no hubo cambios en el colágeno intersticial, se observó una disminución en la reserva inotrópica, cronotrópica y lusitrópica.

Mild to moderate exercise reduces cardiovascular risk factors, improves pre-existing pathologic conditions and develops adaptive cardiac hypertrophy. However, the myocardial response to strenuous exercise is scarcely known. Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate baseline ventricular function and myocardial reserve (inotropic, chronotropic and lusitropic response to the ß-adrenergic agonist isoproterenol) in vivo and in vitro in mice following strenuous exercise. Methods Adult male FVB mice (3 months old) were used. The protocol exercise consisted in 90 min swimming sessions twice a day, 6 days/week for 4 weeks. Two experimental groups were evaluated: 1) sedentary group, with no exercise; and 2) exercise group, with full strenuous swimming protocol. Results At the end of the protocol, left ventricular mass increased by 27.9±4% with preserved baseline left ventricular function. In vivo and in vitro myocardial response to isoproterenol decreased with no changes in interstitial collagen. Conclusions Under our experimental conditions, a strenuous swimming protocol produced moderate cardiac hypertrophy with adaptive and maladaptive hypertrophic characteristics. Although baseline ventricular function was preserved with no changes in interstitial collagen, inotropic, chronotropic and lusitropic reserve decreased.

Efectos del ejercicio intenso sobre la función ventricular basal y la respuesta inotrópica, cronotrópica y lusitrópica en ratones / Effects of Strenuous Exercise on Baseline Ventricular Function and Inotropic, Chronotropic and Lusitropic Response in Mice

Introducción El ejercicio leve a moderado reduce los factores de riesgo cardiovascular, mejora estados patológicos previamente establecidos y produce el desarrollo de hipertrofia cardíaca adaptativa. Sin embargo, la respuesta del miocardio frente a un tipo de ejercicio intenso no es del todo conocida. Objetivo Estudiar la función ventricular basal y la reserva miocárdica (respuesta inotrópica, cronotró-pica y lusitrópica frente a un agonista ß-adrenérgico como el isoproterenol) luego de un tipo de ejercicio intenso tanto in vivo como in vitro en ratones. Material y métodos Se utilizaron ratones macho de tres meses de edad de la cepa FVB. El protocolo de ejercicio consistió en dos sesiones diarias de 90 minutos de natación, 6 días/semana durante 4 semanas. Se conformaron dos grupos experimentales: 1) Sedentario: no realiza ejercicio y 2) Ejercicio: realiza protocolo completo de natación intenso. Resultados Al finalizar el protocolo hubo un incremento de la masa ventricular izquierda del 27,9% ± 4%, con función ventricular basal conservada. Sin embargo, hubo una disminución de la respuesta miocárdica al isoproterenol tanto in vivo como in vitro, sin observarse modificaciones en el colágeno intersticial. Conclusiones En nuestras condiciones experimentales, el protocolo de natación, con características de ejercicio intenso, produjo una hipertrofia cardíaca moderada con características mixtas de hipertrofia adaptativa y no adaptativa. Si bien la función basal se mantuvo conservada y no hubo cambios en el colágeno intersticial, se observó una disminución en la reserva inotrópica, cronotrópica y lusitrópica.(AU)

Mild to moderate exercise reduces cardiovascular risk factors, improves pre-existing pathologic conditions and develops adaptive cardiac hypertrophy. However, the myocardial response to strenuous exercise is scarcely known. Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate baseline ventricular function and myocardial reserve (inotropic, chronotropic and lusitropic response to the ß-adrenergic agonist isoproterenol) in vivo and in vitro in mice following strenuous exercise. Methods Adult male FVB mice (3 months old) were used. The protocol exercise consisted in 90 min swimming sessions twice a day, 6 days/week for 4 weeks. Two experimental groups were evaluated: 1) sedentary group, with no exercise; and 2) exercise group, with full strenuous swimming protocol. Results At the end of the protocol, left ventricular mass increased by 27.9±4% with preserved baseline left ventricular function. In vivo and in vitro myocardial response to isoproterenol decreased with no changes in interstitial collagen. Conclusions Under our experimental conditions, a strenuous swimming protocol produced moderate cardiac hypertrophy with adaptive and maladaptive hypertrophic characteristics. Although baseline ventricular function was preserved with no changes in interstitial collagen, inotropic, chronotropic and lusitropic reserve decreased.(AU)