Fistuloclysis as a method of nutritional management in a patient with high output enteroatmospheric fistula - a case report.

Enteric fistula is a pathological communication between the small intestine and surrounding tissue. In case of communication with body surface it is called an enterocutaneous or enteroatmospheric fistula. There are many causes of enterocutaneous/enteroatmospheric fistula occurrence. A common result is malnutrition and organ dysfunction which leads to increased morbidity and mortality of the patients. Adequate nutritional support is a very important element in the management of patients with enterocutaneous/enteroatmospheric fistulas. One of the options of nutritional support is fistuloclysis which means administration of enteral nutrition formula to the distal fistula. We present the case of 76-year-old patient with a high-localized and high output enteroatmospheric fistula in whom we were able to reach adequate nutritional status using fistuloclysis, followed by closure of the fistula.

Successfull therapy of grade III leak after thoracic oesophagectomyusing endoscopic vacuum assisted closure therapy - a case study.

INTRODUCTION: Post-oesophagectomy leakage occurs in 1-30% of cases as a significant factor in postoperative morbidity and mortality, accounting for 40% of postoperative deaths. Endoscopic vacuum therapy (EVAC) is, besides stent therapy, clips and surgical therapy, a new endoscopic thera-peutic modality. CASE REPORT: A 72-year-old polymorbid female patient with Siewert type II adenocarcinoma of the distal esophagus (T1b, N0, M0) was indicated for resection of the upper stomach and lower thoracic esophagus from laparotomy and thoracotomy with reconstruction using double-stapling anastomosis. On postoperative day 12, a 3rd degree leakage with propagation into the right pleural cavity was proven on CT. Endoscopy showed a defect affecting 30% of the circumference with a 7×3×3 cm cavity. Because of the leak morphology, EVAC was indicated. The therapy comprised 12 sessions with 3-4-day intervals for a total duration of 40 days with 5 extraluminal and 7 intraluminal applications and negative pressure of 100-125 mmHg. The condition was complicated by global respiratory failure due to severe pneumonia. Artificial ventilation was terminated on the 58th postoperative day. The patient was discharged to a rehabilitation facility on the 90th postoperative day. The follow-up 3 months after discharge confirms satisfactory performance results with full replenishment. CONCLUSION: The therapy of complications of intrathoracic anastomoses after oesophagectomy has shown a trend toward reduced invasiveness and wider implementation of endoscopic methods. In spite of its shortcomings, the use of EVAC is a safe and highly effective therapeutic option even for extensive anastomotic defects. The future use, indications as well as relation to other therapeutic options require further evaluation. Key words: endoscopic vacuum therapy - esophageal leakage - esophagectomy complications - intraoperative endoscopy.

[The effect of circulating tumor cells on the survival of patients with pancreatic cancer 5-year results]. / Vliv prukazu cirkulujících nádorových bunek na prezívání pacientu s karcinomem pankreatu - petileté výsledky.

INTRODUCTION: Pancreatic cancer (PDAC) is one of the most aggressive malignancies. Its incidence increases worldwide and, despite the developments in cancer research, mortality rates have not decreased. Poor prognosis of the disease is due to many factors, mainly late diagnosis. Distant metastases and peritoneal carcinomatosis are caused by hematogenous and lymphogenous spreading of the tumorous cells. One of the factors that may influence patient survival are so-called circulating tumor cells (CTCs). The aim of our work was to evaluate the possible influence of CTCs on the survival of patients with PDAC. METHOD: We included patients who underwent a radical or palliative surgical intervention at the First Department of Surgery of Medical Faculty and University Hospital in Olomouc between 1 January 2008 and 31 December 2012. The required samples for CTCs detection were taken from each patient. The detection of the CTCs was performed using real-time RT-PCR. The results were statistically processed and evaluated. RESULTS: We included 126 patients in total, of which 88 were treated radically and 38 received palliative treatment. Mean age was 63 years in patients with radical and 64 years in patients with palliative surgery. Mean survival time in radically treated patients was 29.6 months, in patients with palliative treatment the mean survival time was 8.5 months. The survival time of radically treated patients with CTCs was 27.2 months, without CTCs it was 33.8 months. CONCLUSION: We did not prove a statistically significant difference in survival between radically treated PDAC patients with and without detected CTCs in our work.Key words: pancreatic cancer - circulating tumor cells survival.

[Solid pseudopapillary neoplasms of the pancreas]. / Solidní pseudopapilární tumor pankreatu.

INTRODUCTION: Solid pseudopapillary neoplasm (SPN) is a very rare neoplasm that occurs in girls and young women in 90% of cases; the range is 779 years of age, and the median is 28 years of age. This tumour was first described by Virginia Frantz in 1959 as a papillary cystic tumour of the pancreas. METHODS: The aim of this retrospective study was to analyse the incidence of SPN in all patients with a pancreatic tumour operated at the 1st Dept. of Surgery, University Hospital Olomouc between years 2006 and 2015. Clinical symptoms, imaging methods used, tumour marker positivity, histological findings, postoperative complications and disease-free interval were all evaluated. RESULTS: Of the 454 patients operated on between 20062015, the diagnosis of SPN was made in five female patients. The following imaging methods were used in the preoperative diagnostic process: CT, MRI, PET/CT and endosonography. In four patients the tumour was localised in the tail of the pancreas; these women underwent left-sided pancreatectomy. In one patient, the tumour was located in the pancreatic head and a pylorus-preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy was performed. Complications were seen only in one patient who underwent revision on the first postoperative day for bleeding from the pancreatic cut surface. Pancreatic fistula was not observed in any of the patients. The procedures were considered as sufficient from the oncological viewpoint due to the radical resection procedure and negative resection margin, and therefore no adjuvant oncological treatment was indicated in any of the patients. During the follow-up period, recurrence was not observed in any one of the patients. CONCLUSION: Solid pseudopapillary neoplasm of the pancreas is a rare disorder with a low malignant potential occurring primarily in young women. Generally, SPN has a good prognosis; however, advanced stages of the disease with distant metastases may be encountered in rare cases. The only curative treatment is radical surgical resection.Key words: solid pseudopapillary neoplasm Frantzs tumour pancreas.

[The survival of patients with radically non-resectable pancreatic cancer]. / Prezívání pacientu s radikálne neresekabilním karcinomem pankreatu.

INTRODUCTION: Pancreatic cancer (PDAC) is one of the most aggressive malignancies. Its poor prognosis is due to a combination of various factors, mainly aggressive biology of the tumour, non-specific symptoms in early stages, their underestimation, prolonged time to diagnosis and late onset of treatment. The majority of patients are diagnosed in an advanced stage of the disease. Median survival of these patients ranges from 211 months. The most common consequences of locally advanced disease that require intervention include obstruction of the duodenum and biliary obstruction. The purpose of our study was to analyze the survival of patients with radically inoperable PDAC undergoing palliative surgery or exploration with biopsy, and to evaluate the influence of patient and tumour factors and treatment modalities on survival. METHODS: In our retrospective study we included all patients with radically inoperable PDAC undergoing a non-radical surgical intervention between 01 January 2006 and 31 December 2014. Patient age, histopathological findings, surgical and oncological treatment and survival were included in the analysis. The results were statistically processed and evaluated using IBM SPSS Statistics software version 22 (USA). RESULTS: 184 patients with radically inoperable PDAC, 105 males and 79 females, were included in our study. Mean age of the patients was 64 years and most patients presented with stage IV of the disease. Mean survival time was 7.04 months and median 4.7 months. CONCLUSION: We determined a statistically significant influence of the following factors on patient survival: sex, stage, presence of distant metastases at the time of surgery and oncological treatment administration. Mean and median survival of patients with radically inoperable tumours matches global statistics. KEY WORDS: pancreatic cancer - radically non-resectable - palliative surgery - survival.

[Breast cancer at the 1st Surgical Department, University Hospital Olomouc assessing the number and age of patients and benefit of breast screening]. / Karcinom prsu na I. chirurgické klinice FN Olomouc - zhodnocení poctu a veku pacientek a prínosu mamárního screeningu.

INTRODUCTION: Breast cancer is the most common malignancy in women. It affects mostly women between the ages of 60 and 70; however, in the past years, the number of younger female patients has been increasing. The incidence of breast cancer has been rising worldwide, especially in the United States and Western Europe. Breast carcinoma mortality, on the other hand, has shown a slight decrease due to early screening programmes and advanced treatment methods. METHODS: We included patients who had undergone surgery for breast carcinoma in the 1st Department of Surgery at Teaching Hospital in Olomouc between 1 January 2008 and 31 December 2012. In each patient, her age at the time of diagnosis/surgery was calculated. All patients were divided into 10-year age groups. At the same time, a sub-group of breast cancer patients younger than 45 years was created. We compared the numbers of patients in the respective groups and sub-groups in every year. The mean age and the median of age were also calculated. To evaluate the benefit of mammary screening, we compared the staging of operated tumours in the different years studied. The results were statistically processed and evaluated. RESULTS: The total number of 980 patients underwent surgery for breast carcinoma at our department between 2008 and 2012 with age ranging from 20 to 88 years. 101 of them were younger than 45 years. The mean age of the patients was 59 years, the median was 60 years. The total number of patients increased from 153 in 2008 to 240 in 2012. There was no significant increase in the number of patients younger than 45 years. There were more patients diagnosed with stage II carcinoma and fewer patients with stage III carcinoma in 2012 than in 2010. CONCLUSION: The analysis of our group of patients confirmed the increasing tendencies of breast cancer incidence in total. We did not prove a statistically significant increase in the number of patients in pre-screening age (i.e., younger than 45 years). More frequent diagnosis of early-stage disease was detected, especially during the last three evaluated years.Key words: breast cancer - age - stage screening.

[Determination of CEA, EGFR and hTERT expression in peritoneal lavage in patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma using RT - PCR method]. / Stanovení exprese CEA, EGFR a hTERT v peritoneální lavázi u pacientu s adenokarcinomem pankreatu metodou RT-PCR.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study is to assess the significance of CEA, EGFR and hTERT as markers of occult tumor cells for predicting treatment outcomes in pancreatic cancers, as well as determining the cut-off values of these markers individually in peritoneal lavage. METHOD: The study compared 87 patients undergoing palliative operations (bypass surgery, biological sampling for subsequent oncological treatment) for either stage III or IV (UICC) pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas with a control group of 24 healthy patients. Abdominal cavity lavage was performed at the beginning of the surgery in both groups, using 100 ml of physiological solution (phosphate buffered saline, pH 7.2). The samples were transported in bottles containing 1.5 ml 0.5 M EDTA and 10 ml of fetal bovine serum. Total RNA samples were all processed and purified by reverse transcription. Occult tumor cells in the peritoneal lavage were detected by the real-time RT-PCR method using CEA, EGFR and hTERT as markers of tumor cells. Another aim was to calculate the cut-off values of these markers. Statistical analysis was done using software R (www.r-project.org) and Statistica (StatSoft, Inc. USA). RESULTS: Mean expression of CEA, EGFR and hTERT in peritoneal lavage in the control group was 2501, 716749 and 104 copies of mRNA / mg RNA. Threshold, cut-off values were determined as the "mean + 2 times standard deviation". Absolute expression values were further normalized to expression of the house-keeping gene glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH). After normalization, cut-off values of the tested markers were 4.89, 115.88 and 0.02 copies of mRNA/GAPDH mRNA. As regards absolute expression of the markers tested, only hTERT was able to statistically significantly (p<0.001) distinguish the analysed groups, where patients with advanced pancreatic adenocarcinoma had a higher expression of hTERT. Absolute expression of CEA or EGFR was not able to discriminate between the two groups. The more accurate normalized expression values of the test markers demonstrated a statistically significantly higher expression of hTERT (p<0.005) and CEA (p<0.001) in patients with advanced adenocarcinoma compared to the control group. CONCLUSION: Absolute hTERT expression in peritoneal lavage of patients with advanced pancreatic cancer was significantly higher compared to the control group.

[Treatment strategies of the colorectal anastomosis stricture]. / Strategie lécby striktury kolorektální anastomózy.

INTRODUCTION: The treatment of the stenoses of colorectal anastomoses represents a difficult area of colonic surgery. This is partly connected to the introduction of staplers and an increasing amount of sphincter-preserving surgeries. At our clinic, we solve the stenoses of colorectal anastomoses using a surgical rectoscope with a good effect. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We analysed retrospectively a group of 27 patients with benign stenosis of colorectal anastomosis of the medial and upper rectum who underwent surgery at our clinic in the period between January 2004 and December 2011. From the total amount of 27 patients, in 23 patients the stenosis was caused by the dehiscence of anastomosis, and in 4 patients the stenosis had a different etiology. RESULTS: In the group of 27 patients, in 14 patients the stenosis of colorectal anatomosis was solved radiologically using a high pressure balloon. Total of 13 patients underwent surgery, in 10 of them we used the surgical rectoscope and 3 patients underwent an open abdominal procedure. CONCLUSION: The first method of choice in treatment of the stenoses of the colorectal anastomoses is a balloon dilatation. If this is not successful we can use the surgical rectoscope as a minimally invasive though effective and safe method.

[Chest wall haemorrhage as a complication of anticoagulation treatment - a case study]. / Krvácení do hrudní steny jako komplikace antikoagulacní lécby - kazuistika.

Low-molecular-weight heparins (LMWH) are a class of medication used as an anticoagulant. They belong amongst the so called direct anticoagulants. The effect on the coagulation cascade is mediated through the inactivation of anti-factor Xa. They are used in prophylaxis of thrombosis because of their lack of fibrinolytic effect. If the dosage is adequate, the effect on the bleeding time is minimal and thus monitoring is not necessary unlike in case of direct anticoagulants. Nevertheless, the monitoring is advisable in patients with renal insufficiency in whom the renal elimination of LMWH and their metabolites is reduced, hence they can cumulate in the organism and increase the risk of various bleeding complications. We present a case study of an 83-year-old patient with a massive subcutaneous haematoma caused by the cumulation of LMWH and with the subsequent huge defect of the chest wall treated with negative wound pressure therapy (Vacuum Assisted Closure - V.A.C.).

[3D endorectal sonography in the diagnosis of periproctal fistulas]. / 3D endorektální sonografie v diagnostice perianálních pístelí

INTRODUCTION: Magnetic resonance (MRI) and endorectal sonography seem to be the most contributive methods in preoperative diagnostics of perianal fistula. The right interpretation of MRI requires the radiologist performing the evaluation to be very well acquainted with the issue of surgical treatment of perianal fistulas, or the surgeon to have experience with MRI findings interpretation. On the contrary, endorectal sonography is usually performed by surgeons who are able to transfer the findings to surgical practice and who also have the feedback during the description of the endorectal sonography findings in confrontation with the peroperative findings. MATERIAL AND METHODS: There were 482 patients with the clinical diagnosis of perianal fistula in our group who were examined and underwent surgery in the period between 1 January 2001 and 31 December 2011. In evaluating the findings, we used the basic Parks classification of perianal fistulas which is modified with respect to the specific features of ultrasound examination. RESULTS: In case of simple fistulas, the correspondence between preoperative diagnostics and peroperative finding was present in 304 cases (90%), in case of extrasphincteric fistulas there was correspondence in 36 patients (82%). In case of horseshoe fistulas, the correspondence was found in 16 patients (87%). The diagnosis of the fistulas with more than one sinus was accurate in 95 patients (76%). General correspondence between the preoperative examination and the peroperative finding was present in 419 patients (87%). CONCLUSION: Endorectal sonographic examination in the diagnosis of perianal fistulas is simple, cheap and less demanding for the patient, reaching at the same time high sensitivity and specificity. It is fully sufficient as a preoperative diagnostic method in most patients with perianal fistula.

[The importance of early surgical intervention in the treatment of necrotizing vasculitis]. / Význam vcasné chirurgické intervence v terapii nekrotizující vaskulitidy.

Vasculitides are an etiologically heterogeneous group of vascular affections leading to vascular wall damage followed by ischaemia of the tissues supplied by the affected vessels. Damage to the vessels of lower extremities is frequent; in serious cases a complete destruction of soft tissue as well as skeletal lesions may occur. This then results in a situation which, without a well-timed surgical intervention, often requires an amputation of the limb. We are presenting a case of a 61-year-old female patient with a large plantar defect of the right foot and gangrene of three toes of the same limb which developed as a result of necrotizing vasculitis.