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1.
Emerg Infect Dis ; 11(5): 663-9, 2005 May.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-15890116

ABSTRACT

Enzootic strains of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) circulate in forested habitats of Mexico, Central, and South America, and spiny rats (Proechimys spp.) are believed to be the principal reservoir hosts in several foci. To better understand the host-pathogen interactions and resistance to disease characteristic of many reservoir hosts, we performed experimental infections of F1 progeny from Proechimys chrysaeolus collected at a Colombian enzootic VEEV focus using sympatric and allopatric virus strains. All animals became viremic with a mean peak titer of 3.3 log10 PFU/mL, and all seroconverted with antibody titers from 1:20 to 1:640, which persisted up to 15 months. No signs of disease were observed, including after intracerebral injections. The lack of detectable disease and limited histopathologic lesions in these animals contrast dramatically with the severe disease and histopathologic findings observed in other laboratory rodents and humans, and support their role as reservoir hosts with a long-term coevolutionary relationship to VEEV.


Subject(s)
Disease Reservoirs , Encephalitis Virus, Venezuelan Equine/isolation & purification , Rodentia/virology , Animals , Antibodies, Viral/blood , Biological Evolution , Colombia , Encephalitis Virus, Venezuelan Equine/classification , Encephalitis Virus, Venezuelan Equine/pathogenicity , Lymph Nodes/ultrastructure , Lymph Nodes/virology , Viremia , Virus Replication
2.
J Clin Virol ; 34 Suppl 2: S33-8, 2005 Dec.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-16461238

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) infection is a public health problem worldwide, with particular relevance in multi-transfused patients given that HCV is principally transmitted by exposure to infected blood. STUDY DESIGN: Between February and September 2003 a cross-sectional study was carried out in four hospital centres in Bogotá and Medellin, Colombia, to determine the risk factors for HCV infection in 500 multi-transfused patients. RESULTS: The study population was distributed in five groups: haemophilia, haemodyalsis, acute bleeding, ontological illnesses and sickle cell disease or thalassemia. Serum samples from patients were tested for HCV antibodies (Asxym, Abbott). An overall prevalence (9.0%; 95% confidence interval (CI): 6.4-11.6) (45/500) of HCV infection was found. Anti-HCV antibodies were detected in 32.2% of patients with haemophilia, 6.1% of patients undergoing haemodialysis, 7.1% of patients with sickle cell disease or thalassemia, 2.6% of patients with acute bleeding and 3.4% of patients with ontological or hematological diseases. The main risk factors associated with infection by HCV were: to be hemophilic (odds ratio, OR = 18.03; 95% Cl: 3.96-114.17), having received transfusions before 1995 (OR = 12.27; 95% Cl: 5.57-27.69), and having received more than 48 units of blood components (OR = 6.08; 95% CI: 3.06-12.1). In the multivariate analysis, only the year of transfusions (before 1995) remained significantly associated with risk of infection by HCV. CONCLUSIONS: The data show a 3-fold reduction in the infection risk between 1993 and 1995, when the serological screening for HCV in blood donors was being introduced. A reduction greater than 90% was achieved by 1995 when the screening coverage reached 99%.


Subject(s)
Anemia, Sickle Cell , Hemophilia A , Hepatitis C Antibodies/blood , Hepatitis C/epidemiology , Renal Dialysis , Transfusion Reaction , Adult , Colombia/epidemiology , Cross-Sectional Studies , Disease Transmission, Infectious , Female , Hepatitis C/transmission , Hospitals , Humans , Male , Risk Factors , Seroepidemiologic Studies
3.
Infect Genet Evol ; 4(1): 45-51, 2004 Mar.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-15019589

ABSTRACT

Historically, canine rabies in Colombia has been caused by two geographically distinct canine variants of rabies virus (RV) which between 1992 and 2002 accounted for approximately 95% of Colombian rabies cases. Genetic variant 1 (GV1) has been isolated up until 1997 in the Central Region and the Department of Arauca, and is now considered extinct through a successful vaccination program. Genetic variant 2 (GV2) has been isolated from the northern Caribbean Region and continues to circulate at present. Here we have analyzed two sets of sequence data based upon either a 147 nucleotide region of the glycoprotein (G) gene or a 258 nucleotide region that combines a fragment of the non-coding intergenic region and a fragment of the polymerase gene. Using both maximum likelihood (ML) and Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods we have estimated the time of the most recent common ancestor (MRCA) of the two variants to be between 1983 and 1988. Reconstructions of the population history suggest that GV2 has been circulating in Colombia since the 1960s and that GV1 evolved as a separate lineage from GV2. Estimations of the effective population size at present show the GV2 outbreak to be approximately 20 times greater than that of GV1. Demographic reconstructions were unable to detect a decrease in population size concurrent with the elimination of GV1. We find a raised rate of nucleotide substitution for GV1 gene sequences when compared to that of GV2, although all estimates have wide confidence limits. We demonstrate that phylogenetic reconstructions and sequence analysis can be used to support incidence data from the field in the assessment of RV epidemiology.


Subject(s)
Dog Diseases/virology , Evolution, Molecular , Rabies virus/classification , Rabies virus/genetics , Rabies/veterinary , Amino Acid Sequence , Animals , Base Sequence , Colombia/epidemiology , Dogs , Genetic Variation , Molecular Sequence Data , Phylogeny , Rabies/epidemiology , Rabies/virology
4.
Annu Rev Entomol ; 49: 141-74, 2004.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-14651460

ABSTRACT

Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) remains a naturally emerging disease threat as well as a highly developed biological weapon. Recently, progress has been made in understanding the complex ecological and viral genetic mechanisms that coincide in time and space to generate outbreaks. Enzootic, equine avirulent, serotype ID VEEV strains appear to alter their serotype to IAB or IC, and their vertebrate and mosquito host range, to mediate repeated VEE emergence via mutations in the E2 envelope glycoprotein that represent convergent evolution. Adaptation to equines results in highly efficient amplification, which results in human disease. Although epizootic VEEV strains are opportunistic in their use of mosquito vectors, the most widespread outbreaks appear to involve specific adaptation to Ochlerotatus taeniorhynchus, the most common vector in many coastal areas. In contrast, enzootic VEEV strains are highly specialized and appear to utilize vectors exclusively in the Spissipes section of the Culex (Melanoconion) subgenus.


Subject(s)
Encephalitis Virus, Venezuelan Equine/pathogenicity , Encephalomyelitis, Venezuelan Equine/transmission , Insect Vectors/virology , Viral Envelope Proteins/genetics , Aedes/virology , Animals , Disease Outbreaks , Encephalitis Virus, Venezuelan Equine/genetics , Encephalomyelitis, Venezuelan Equine/epidemiology , Equidae , Horse Diseases/epidemiology , Horse Diseases/transmission , Horses , Host-Parasite Interactions , Humans , Mutation , Viral Vaccines , Virulence/genetics
5.
NOVA publ. cient ; 1(1): 37-43, ene.-dic. 2003. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-438618

ABSTRACT

El virus del Dengue, un flavivirus transmitido por mosquitos del género Aedes, es responsable de un creciente problema de salud pública en áreas tropicales de todo el mundo, con más de 3.000 millones de personas en riesgo de infección. Este virus produce un espectro de síntomas que varía desde un malestar semejante al resfriado común, conocido como dengue clásico, hasta una enfermedad que puede ser fulminante denominada ®dengue hemorrágico¼. La caracterización genética de los diferentes serotipos del virus permite no sólo entender los patrones epidémicos de distribución sino, además, demostrar la presencia de cepas hemorragíparas específicas como responsables de los casos más severos de la enfermedad. En este trabajo determinamos los ancestros evolutivos de los virus Dengue tipo 2 que han circulado en Colombia antes y después de la aparición del dengue hemorrágico a finales de 1989, mediante la secuenciación y análisis de un fragmento de 240 pb de la región de unión de los genes E/NS1 del virus; así, con las secuencias obtenidas de 5 cepas aisladas antes de 1989 y 10 identificadas en años posteriores, se construyó un árbol filogenético que sugiere la presencia de 2 genotipos diferentes en nuestro medio; la comparación con cepas aisladas de diferentes partes del mundo demuestra que uno de estos genotipos corresponde a cepas nativas americanas aisladas antes de la aparición del dengue hemorrágico, mientras que los virus encontrados posteriormente pertenecen al genotipo asiático, indicando el posible desplazamiento de las cepas autóctonas por genotipos posiblemente más agresivos.


Subject(s)
Animals , Flavivirus/classification , Flavivirus/growth & development , Genotype , Flavivirus Infections/classification , Flavivirus Infections/prevention & control , Dengue/classification , Dengue/complications , Dengue/diagnosis , Dengue Virus/classification
6.
Biomedica ; 23(2): 232-8, 2003 Jun.
Article in Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-12872563

ABSTRACT

A molecular method for the diagnosis of yellow fever virus infection was developed based on reverse transcription (RT) followed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification. Examinations were conducted on lyophilized sera from 3 fatal yellow fever cases and 4 fresh sera from 3 fatal cases and one from a symptomatic patient (positive IgM against yellow fever virus). Sera were extracted with TRIZOL-LS to isolate viral RNA for RT treatment and the PCR reaction included 2 primers sets designed specifically for yellow fever virus: sense, JM2104 (5'-CGTTGGGAGAGGAGATTC-3') y JM2249 (5'-TTCTTCACTTCGGTTGGG-3'), and antisense, JM2673 (5'-TCATCTGCCCTGCTTCTC-3') y JM2751 (5'-CCTCTCTGGTAAACATTCT-3'). The technique for demonstrating the yellow fever virus in tissue samples was used in infected mice brains treated with lysis buffer before RNA extraction. PCR reactions were evaluated in agarose gels where single bands of the expected size for each primers pair (569 bp and 502 bp) were observed for all serum samples. In addition, the results for 2 fresh positive sera were supported by histopathologic finding of yellow fever virus. The RT-PCR method permits a rapid and specific demonstration of the presence of yellow fever virus.


Subject(s)
Brain/virology , Plasma/virology , Yellow fever virus/isolation & purification , Animals , Electrophoresis, Agar Gel , Humans , Mice , Molecular Biology , RNA, Viral/analysis , Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods , Yellow fever virus/genetics
7.
Biomédica (Bogotá) ; 23(2): 232-238, jun. 2003. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-356772

ABSTRACT

Hemos adaptado un método molecular basado en la técnica de transcripción reversa seguida de la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (RT-PCR) para diagnóstico alternativo de la infección por el virus de la fiebre amarilla. Se tomaron tres sueros liofilizados de casos fatales de fiebre amarilla y cuatro sueros frescos, de los cuales tres pertenecían a casos fatales de la enfermedad y el cuarto a un paciente sintomático con serología IgM positiva para fiebre amarilla; los sueros fueron tratados con Trizol-LS( para extraer el ARN viral que fue sometido a reacción de RT y posteriormente a PCR, para la cual se diseñaron dos parejas de iniciadores específicos de fiebre amarilla: iniciadores directos (sentido) JM2104 (5ï-CGTTGGGAGAGGAGATTC-3ï) y JM2249 (5ï-TTCTTCACTTCGGTTGGG-3ï), e iniciadores inversos (antisentido) JM2673 (5ï-TCATCTGCCCTGCTTCTC-3ï) y JM2751 (5ï-CCTCTCTGGTAAACATTCT-3ï). La aplicación de la técnica en tejidos se hizo en cerebros de ratón infectados con el virus amarílico, tratados con una solución de lisis antes de purificar el ARN. En geles de agarosa se observaron bandas únicas de amplificación del tamaño esperado (569 pb y 502 pb); todas las muestras fueron corroboradas con las dos parejas de iniciadores y en dos de las muestras de suero fresco los resultados positivos para fiebre amarilla fueron comprobados con estudio histopatológico. Este método de detección molecular permitió demostrar de manera r pida y eficiente la presencia del virus de la fiebre amarilla, hecho que tiene importantes implicaciones diagnósticas para este problema de salud pública.


Subject(s)
Humans , Polymerase Chain Reaction , Yellow fever virus , Diagnostic Techniques and Procedures , Yellow Fever
8.
Biomedica ; 23(1): 19-30, 2003 Mar.
Article in Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-12696396

ABSTRACT

Three urban rabies outbreaks have been reported in Colombia during the last two decades, one of which is ongoing in the Caribbean region (northern Colombia). The earlier outbreaks occurred almost simultaneously in Arauca (eastern Colombia) and in the Central region, ending in 1997. Phylogenetic relationships among rabies viruses isolated from the three areas were based on a comparison of cDNA fragments coding for the endodomain of protein G and a fragment of L protein obtained by RT-PCR. The sequenced amplicons which included the G-L intergenic region contained 902 base pairs. Phylogenetic analysis showed three distinct groups of viruses. Colombian genetic variant I viruses were isolated only from Arauca and the Central region, but are now apparently extinct. Colombian genetic variant II viruses were isolated in the Caribbean region and are still being transmitted in that area. The third group of bat rabies variants were isolated from two insectivorous bats, three domestic dogs and a human. This associates bat rabies virus with rabies in Colombian dogs and humans, and indicates bats to be a rabies reservoir of public health significance.


Subject(s)
Chiroptera , Dog Diseases/epidemiology , Rabies virus/genetics , Rabies/epidemiology , Rabies/veterinary , Amino Acid Sequence , Animals , Colombia , Dog Diseases/virology , Dogs , Humans , Molecular Epidemiology , Molecular Sequence Data , Phylogeny , Rabies/virology , Rabies virus/classification
9.
J Gen Virol ; 84(Pt 4): 795-802, 2003 Apr.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-12655080

ABSTRACT

Three urban rabies outbreaks have been reported in Colombia during the last two decades, one of these is occurring in the Caribbean Region (northern Colombia), while the other two occurred almost simultaneously in Arauca (eastern Colombia) and in the Central Region and ended in 1997. In order to derive phylogenetic relationships between rabies viruses isolated in these three areas, 902 nt cDNA fragments encoding the cytoplasmic domain of protein G and a fragment of protein L were obtained by RT-PCR. These amplicons contained the G-L intergenic region and were sequenced to draw phylogenetic trees. Phylogenetic analysis showed three distinct groups of viruses in the study sample. Colombian genetic variant I viruses were isolated in both Arauca and the Central Region. These viruses are apparently extinct in Colombia. Colombian genetic variant II viruses were isolated in the Caribbean Region and are still being transmitted in that area. The third group of viruses consists of viruses isolated from two insectivorous bats, three domestic dogs and a human. According to sequence analysis, the data here indicate that the isolates in this third group are bat rabies virus variants. This finding is the first that associates bats to rabies in Colombian dogs and humans, showing an unsuspected vector threatening animal and public health.


Subject(s)
Chiroptera/virology , Disease Outbreaks , Dog Diseases/epidemiology , Dogs/virology , Rabies/epidemiology , Rabies/veterinary , Rhabdoviridae/genetics , Amino Acid Sequence , Animals , Base Sequence , Colombia/epidemiology , DNA-Directed RNA Polymerases/genetics , GTP-Binding Proteins/genetics , Humans , Molecular Epidemiology , Molecular Sequence Data , Phylogeny , RNA, Viral/genetics , Rhabdoviridae/isolation & purification , Sequence Alignment , Viral Proteins/genetics , Zoonoses/virology
10.
Biomédica (Bogotá) ; 23(1): 19-30, mar. 2003. ilus, mapas
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-356753

ABSTRACT

Tres brotes de rabia canina han sido informados en Colombia durante las pasadas dos décadas, uno de los cuales aún ocurre en la Región Caribe. Los otros dos ocurrieron en el departamento de Arauca y en la Región Central (departamentos de Boyacá y Cundinamarca) hasta 1997. Con la finalidad de investigar las relaciones filogenéticas existentes entre los virus r bicos aislados en las regiones mencionadas, se empleó la técnica de RT-PCR para obtener fragmentos de ADN de 902 nucleótidos complementarios a una región del ARN rábico codificante para el endodominio de la proteína G, para una parte de la proteína L, fragmentos que, además, contienen la región intergénica no codificante G-L. Los amplificados fueron secuenciados y agrupados en árboles filogenéticos. Los resultados mostraron la existencia de tres grupos de virus. Los virus r bicos pertenecientes a la variante genética colombiana I fueron aislados exclusivamente en el departamento de Arauca y la Región Central colombiana hasta 1997 y, aparentemente, se encuentran extintos. Los virus rábicos pertenecientes a la variante genética colombiana II fueron aislados exclusivamente en la Región Caribe, en donde actualmente su transmisión continúa. Un tercer grupo se compone de variantes rábicas originarias de quirópteros, que fueron aisladas de dos murciélagos insectívoros, tres perros y un humano. Con este trabajo se estableció una asociación entre los quirópteros y la rabia en perros y humanos en Colombia, lo cual los muestra como reservorios de importancia en salud pública.


Subject(s)
Humans , Dogs , Chiroptera , Molecular Epidemiology , Rabies , Phylogeny , Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
11.
Emerg Infect Dis ; 9(1): 49-54, 2003 Jan.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-12533281

ABSTRACT

To characterize the transmission cycle of enzootic Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) strains believed to represent an epizootic progenitor, we identified natural vectors in a sylvatic focus in the middle Magdalena Valley of Colombia. Hamster-baited traps were placed into an active forest focus, and mosquitoes collected from each trap in which a hamster became infected were sorted by species and assayed for virus. In 18 cases, a single, initial, high-titered mosquito pool representing the vector species was identified. These vectors included Culex (Melanoconion) vomerifer (11 transmission events), Cx. (Mel.) pedroi (5 transmissions) and Cx. (Mel.) adamesi (2 transmissions). These results extend the number of proven enzootic VEEV vectors to 7, all of which are members of the Spissipes section of the subgenus Melanoconion. Our findings contrast with previous studies, which have indicated that a single species usually serves as the principal enzootic VEEV vector at a given location.


Subject(s)
Culex/virology , Encephalitis Virus, Venezuelan Equine/physiology , Encephalomyelitis, Venezuelan Equine/transmission , Insect Vectors/virology , Animals , Colombia , Cricetinae , Culex/classification , Encephalomyelitis, Venezuelan Equine/virology , Insect Vectors/classification
12.
Bogota; s.n; 2003. 47 p. ilus, map.
Monography in Spanish | LILACS, HANSEN, Hanseníase Leprosy, SESSP-ILSLACERVO, Sec. Est. Saúde SP | ID: biblio-1083974
13.
Am J Trop Med Hyg ; 67(3): 324-34, 2002 Sep.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-12408676

ABSTRACT

The ecology of Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) virus transmission was compared at three enzootic foci: two forest sites in the Catatumbo region of western Venezuela that have yielded small numbers of virus isolates since the 1970s, and another focus in the middle Magdalena Valley of Colombia that has consistently yielded many VEE virus isolates. Our results demonstrated dramatic differences in VEE virus isolation rates from sentinel hamsters, as well as differences in mosquito species composition and captured mammals with antibodies to VEE virus, between the Colombian and Venezuelan study sites. The higher isolation rate of enzootic VEE virus in the Colombian site was associated with a more abundant fauna of spiny rats (Proechimys spp.), known reservoir hosts of enzootic VEE virus. Mosquito collections demonstrated that the Colombian forest had a higher mosquito diversity and species evenness than either of the Venezuelan forests. The Colombian focus was especially richer in its Culex (Melanoconion) spp. fauna, a subgenus that includes all proven enzootic vectors for VEE virus. Our results suggest that the greater abundance, diversity, and stability of enzootic vector populations, combined with the greater density of rodent reservoir hosts, explains the higher levels of VEE virus circulation in the Colombian focus compared with the Venezuelan forests.


Subject(s)
Disease Reservoirs , Encephalitis Virus, Venezuelan Equine/isolation & purification , Animals , Cricetinae , Culicidae/virology , Mesocricetus , South America , Species Specificity
14.
Biomedica ; 22(1): 30-8, 2002 Mar.
Article in Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-11957361

ABSTRACT

A team at the Colombian National Institute of Health (INS) has demonstrated the usefulness and suitability of the Immunofluorescent Antibody Test (IFAT) as a confirmatory assay for HIV-1. The assay followed a flow chart method recommended by the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) and the Federal Center for AIDS of Canada. The specificity of the IFAT assay (IFI-VIH1-INS) for 925 serum samples was 100% when compared with two different Western blot (WB) assays. The IFI-VIH1-INS showed a sensitivity of 61% across 6,137 human sera. Although its specificity is excellent, the sensitivity of the IFI-VIH1-INS assay is slightly lower than other IFAT assays (41% of 975 samples were indeterminate in both IFAT assays and WB tests). After implementation of this assay in more than 6,000 serum samples between 1993 and 2000, the INS saved more than Col $340,000,000 or US $170.000 in its HIV1 testing program.


Subject(s)
Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect , HIV Infections/diagnosis , HIV-1 , Blotting, Western , Cell Line , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay , HIV Antibodies/analysis , HIV Infections/immunology , Humans , Sensitivity and Specificity
15.
Biomedica ; 22(1): 71-5, 2002 Mar.
Article in Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-11957368

ABSTRACT

In order to improve the diagnosis and typification of rabies viruses at the Instituto Nacional de Salud National Reference Laboratory for rabies, we standardized techniques for the amplification of a 902 nucleotide DNA fragment, complementary to a selected region of the rabies virus genomic RNA. This region codes for a segment of both the glycoprotein and protein L, and contains the G-L intergenic noncoding region known as Pseudogen Psi. The standardized techniques included: 1) biological amplification of rabies viruses by intracerebral mouse inoculation; 2) total RNA extraction from the brains of infected mice, 3) RT-PCR amplification of a 902 nucleotide DNA fragment complementary to the selected RNA region. The study sample consisted of 30 rabies virus strains isolated from dogs and selected from the virus bank of the Virology Laboratory. Due to their simplicity the methods described have several advantages when compared to methods reported in previous papers. The technology proposed is a precise complement to rabies diagnosis techniques, and can be applied to the identification of phylogenetic relations among rabies isolates, and, therefore, it is also used to identify rabies transmission dynamics and geographical distribution.


Subject(s)
Genome, Viral , Molecular Epidemiology/methods , Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques/standards , RNA, Viral/genetics , Rabies virus/genetics , Animals , Brain/virology , Mice , RNA, Viral/isolation & purification , Rabies virus/isolation & purification , Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
16.
Biomédica (Bogotá) ; 20(3): 238-47, sept. 2000. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-278156

ABSTRACT

La equinococosis es un parasitismo grave producto en el hombre y en los animales por larvas de tenias del género Echinococcus que se desarrollan en el hígado, el pulmón, el bazo y en otras víceras y tejidos. De las cuatro tenias del género Echinococcus, tres se presentan en Suramérica: E. granulosus, E. volgeli y E. oligarthrus. En Colombia se han informado casos en humanos y en animales cuyo agente etiológico más frecuente es E. vogeli. En este trabajo presentamos la estructura macroscópica, microscópica y de microscopía electrónica de barrido de quistes hidatídicos múltiples y de sus protoescólices encontrados en un Proechimys c.f. guairae o rata espinosa, capturado en la vereda La Plata del muncicipio de Pore, Casanare, durante la búsqueda del reservorios del virus de la encefalitis equina venezolana. En la autopsia del animal se encontraron quistes múltiples en el hígado, el bazo y el pulmón la gran mayoría fértiles. Están constituidos por una pared franjeada que origina cápsulas prolígeras dentro de las cuales están los protoescólices. El protoescólex es el escólex inmaduro del parásito adulto formado por cuatro ventosas y un rostelo con ganchos, cuyo tamaño y morfología corresponden con las medidas de E. Oligarthrus. Ilustramos las características morfológicas de las larvas, el desarrollo de los protoescólices y revisamos las características de la equinococosis en Colombia


Subject(s)
Rats , Echinococcosis/pathology , Rats/parasitology , Cestode Infections/etiology , Disease Vectors
17.
Biomédica (Bogotá) ; 19(3): 230-8, sept. 1999. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-252646

ABSTRACT

Este estudio describe los factores de riesgo y la prevalencia de infección por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) en una población de 744 prisiones, trabajadores sexuales, hombres homo-bisexuales y marineros en Cartagena, uno de los puertos marítimos y turísticos más importantes sobre el mar Caribe. Entre noviembre de 1993 y abril de 1995, se realizó un estudio transversal de prevalencia de infección por el VIH y sus factores de riesgo en un grupo de 434 hombres y 310 mujeres que participaron voluntariamente. Las poblaciones fueron captadas en: i) dos cárceles, ii) en la clínica pública de enfermedades de transmisión sexual (ETS), iii) en un bar frecuentado por hombres homosexuales y iv) en la capitanía del puerto de Cartagena. La prevalencia de infección por el VIH fue de 2,14 por ciento en la población total. Por grupos, los hombres homo-bisexuales presentaron la más alta prevalencia, 12,3 por ciento, los prisioneros, 2,5 por ciento; las trabajadoras sexuales, 0.7 por ciento, y los marineros, 0.5 por ciento. Los factores de riesgo que se asociaron significativamente con la infección por VIH fueron la conducta homo-bisexual vs. la conducta heterosexual (razón de prevalencia (RP = 13, IC95 por ciento: 4,3-34,8) y prácticas de sexo anal (RP=7, IC95 por ciento: 2,4-19). El antecedente de relaciones sexuales con extranjeros se correlacionó en el análisis bivariado, pero, su significancia desapareció en el multivariado. Los datos confirman que el grupo de hombres homo-bisexuales es aún la población en la cual se concentra el mayor peso de la transmisión del VIH en nuestro país. La prevalencia en trabajadoras sexuales es baja comparada con la encontrada en un estudio reciente realizado en Cali. Se evidencia la necesidad de llegar con mejores mensajes a poblaciones que, por su marginalidad, pueden no estar alertas del riesgo que representa la infección por el VIH


Subject(s)
Humans , HIV Infections/epidemiology , Risk Factors
18.
Biomédica (Bogotá) ; 19(2): 144-58, jun. 1999. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-252635

ABSTRACT

Las parálisis fláccidas agudas (PFA) tienen una amplia variedad de orígenes y de agentes causales: físicos, fisiopatológicos, tóxicos e infecciosos. Entre estos últimos, el virus salvaje (silvestre) de la poliomielitis y el enterovirus 71(EV71), parecen ser los agentes virales más frecuentes. Habiendo eliminado el poliovirus salvaje autóctono como agente causal de enfermedad paralítica en Colombia desde junio de 1991 y teniendo aislamientos de virus no polio en el 20,8 por ciento del total de casos de PFA notificados anualmente, quisimos conocer el papel que juegan los enterovirus en la incidencia de parálisis fláccida aguda y la dinámica de circulación y distribución de los mismos en Colombia. Se revisó la base de datos de los casos notificados al Programa de Erradicación de la Poliomielitis en Colombia entre el 1º de enero de 1992 y el 31 de diciembre de 1995, al cual se notificaron 856 casos sospechosos de niños menores de 15 años, y se escogieron 69 casos para el estudio pero se recuperaron 57 aislamientos virales por reinoculación en células RD y Hep-2C. Estos se identificaron mediante neutralización con mezclas de antisueros de Lim & Benyesh-Melnick (LBM). Todos ellos fueron sometidos a caracterización molecular mediante reacción en cadena de la polimerasa -PCR-, utilizando iniciadores complementarios a la region VP1 del genoma viral, seguida del análisis de secuencia de nucleótidos de los fragmentos amplificados por PCR. La identificación final del serotipo se realizó por comparación de nucleótidos en auto assembler y el análisis descriptivo de los datos. No se estableció circulación mayor de ningún serotipo específico en región geográfica alguna del país. Tampoco hubo asociación causal a ninguna patología característica con ninguno de los enterovirus aislados. Se describe el hallazgo de EV71 en un caso de PFA con diagnóstico clínico de síndrome de Guillain-Barre. La descripción de 22 serotipos diferentes de enterovirus no polio que circulan en Colombia (19 serotipos identificados por métodos moleculares y 3 por seroneutralización), coincide con los serotipos más frecuentemente descritos en otros estudios. Los serotipos Coxsackievirus B5, B1, B3, Echovirus 6, 7, 13, 20, 30, Coxsackievirus A2, A10, A14, A16, A18, A21, fueron los serotipos de enterovirus más frecuentes en Colombia durante el período 1992-1995


Subject(s)
Child , Enterovirus , Muscle Hypotonia , Paralysis , Poliovirus
19.
Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz ; 92(1): 123-8, Jan.-Feb. 1997. ilus, tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-182871

ABSTRACT

A new cell line designated LSB-AA695BB, was established from embryos of the mosquito Anopheles albimanus. The primary culture was initiated in April, 1995, and the first passage was made 48 days later. Serial subcultures of the cells have been carried through 90 passages from April 1995 to February 1996. The cells were grown at 28ºC in MK/VP12 medium, supplement with 20 per cent fetal bovine serum; the pH tolerance ranged between 6.8 to 7.0. The cells have also been adapted to MM/Vp12 medium under the same pH, temperature and serum concentration. The majority of the cells were a fibroblast-type. Isoenzyme characterization showed a pattern similar to that of An. albimanus pupae and adults but distinct from Ae. taeniorhynchus and Ae. albopictus (C6/36) mosquito cell lines. The culture was shown to be free of mycoplasma, bacteria and fungi. Microsporidia contamination of transovarial transmission was controlled with 6.0 µg/ml of albendazole.


Subject(s)
Animals , Anopheles/embryology , Cell Line , Isoenzymes , Karyotyping
20.
Biomédica (Bogotá) ; 15(3): 109-15, sept. 1995. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-221310

ABSTRACT

Se efectuaron estudios morfométricos del cariotipo de Aedes taeniorhynchus, mosquito de interés médico-veterinario, por ser vector del virus de la encefalitis equina venezolana, tipo epidemo-epizoótico. En las preparaciones cromosómicas fueron utilizadas tres técnicas citogenéticas diferentes: squash, secado al aire y cultivos celulares. Estas se compararon entre sí para evaluar, en las metafase obtenidas, la longitud y morfología de los cromosomas. El número diploide de la especie fue de seis en todas la preparaciones cariológicas al utilizar cualquiera de los tres procedimientos: sin embargo, con la técnica de squash, los cromosomas mitóticos de cerebro fueron más cortos, discontinuos y con menor grado aparente de compactación de la cromatina; al utilizar la técnica de secado al aire, se obtuvieron mejores extendidos citológicos, cromosomas más separados y ligeramente de mayor longitud; en tanto que los resultados de mejor resolución, por la estructura, separación de homólogos y longitudes cromosómicas, se lograron con cultivos celulares


Subject(s)
Animals , Aedes/cytology , Aedes/genetics , Cytogenetics/methods , In Vitro Techniques
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