[General practitioners' perspectives on the perceived effectiveness of the disease management programs for type 2 diabetes and coronary heart disease: Results of a focus group study]. / Die wahrgenommene Effektivität der Disease Management Programme für Diabetes mellitus Typ 2 und Koronare Herzkrankheit aus Sicht von Hausärzt*innen ­ Ergebnisse einer Fokusgruppenstudie.

BACKGROUND: The majority of patients in disease management programs (DMPs) for type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and coronary heart disease (CHD) in Germany are enrolled by their general practitioner (GP). The aim of this study was, in the context of upcoming DMP expansions, to elicit GPs' current experiences and opinions regarding the perceived effectiveness and acceptance of the DMPs T2DM and CHD, as well as to determine beneficial and hindering aspects of the implementation of these programs from a GP's perspective. METHODS: In August and September 2020, 20 GPs of teaching practices of the University Hospital Cologne with experiences in DMPs were interviewed in semi-structured focus group discussions. Their expectations, attitudes and opinions regarding the DMPs T2DM and CHD were evaluated and analyzed according to the content-structuring qualitative content analysis by Kuckartz. RESULTS: The DMP T2DM was rated as generally positive by the respondents due to the structured treatment including regular foot and eye examinations, close patient contacts and perceptions of improved health outcomes. The DMP CHD was rated more negatively by the respondents because of a high and partly unnecessary documentation workload and limited therapeutic freedom, leading to a perceived ineffectiveness for patients' health outcomes. Thus, there was a discrepancy in the perceived effectiveness of the examined DMPs, causing a lower acceptance of the DMP CHD. Therefore, some of the respondents tended to enroll fewer patients into the DMP CHD or to drop out of the DMP CHD. DISCUSSION: In order to increase the acceptance and sustainability of DMPs some elements of the DMP CHD as well as the remuneration and the documentation need to be reconsidered. Additionally, future studies on the acceptance of DMPs should differentiate between different DMPs in order to generate valid results.

A pragmatic randomised controlled trial referring to a Personalised Self-management SUPport Programme (P-SUP) for persons enrolled in a disease management programme for type 2 diabetes mellitus and/or for coronary heart disease.

BACKGROUND: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and coronary heart disease (CHD) are two chronic diseases that cause a tremendous burden. To reduce this burden, several programmes for optimising the care for these diseases have been developed. In Germany, so-called disease management programmes (DMPs), which combine components of Disease Management and the Chronic Care Model, are applied. These DMPs have proven effective. Nevertheless, there are opportunities for improvement. Current DMPs rarely address self-management of the disease, make no use of peer support, and provide no special assistance for persons with low health literacy and/or low patient activation. The study protocol presented here is for the evaluation of a programme that addresses these possible shortcomings and can be combined with current German DMPs for T2DM and CHD. This programme consists of four components: 1) Meetings of peer support groups 2) Personalised telephone-based health coaching for patients with low literacy and/or low patient activation 3) Personalised patient feedback 4) A browser-based web portal METHODS: Study participants will be adults enrolled in a DMP for T2DM and/or CHD and living in North Rhine-Westphalia, a state of the Federal Republic of Germany. Study participants will be recruited with the assistance of their general practitioners by the end of June 2021. Evaluation will be performed as a pragmatic randomised controlled trial with one intervention group and one waiting control group. The intervention group will receive the intervention for 18 months. During this time, the waiting control group will continue with usual care and the usual measures of their DMPs. After 18 months, the waiting control group will also receive a shortened intervention. The primary outcome is number of hospital days. In addition, the effects on self-reported health-state, physical activity, nutrition, and eight different psychological variables will be investigated. Differences between values at month 18 and at the beginning will be compared to judge the effectiveness of the intervention. DISCUSSION: If the intervention proves effective, it may be included into the DMPs for T2DM and CHD. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The study was registered in the German Clinical Trials Registry (Deutsches Register Klinischer Studien (DRKS)) in early 2019 under the number 00020592. This registry has been affiliated with the WHO Clinical Trials Network ( https://www.drks.de/drks_web/setLocale_EN.do ) since 2008. It is based on the WHO template, but contains some additional categories for which information has to be given ( https://www.drks.de/drks_web/navigate.do?navigationId=entryfields&messageDE=Beschreibung%20der%20Eingabefelder&messageEN=Description%20of%20entry%20fields ). A release and subsequent number assignment only take place when information for all categories has been given.

[Do decision-makers in the German healthcare system misjudge the situation of a branch office? - Motivation of physicians to set up in a GP's practice in the area of the Association of Statutory Health Insurance Physicians North-Rhine]. / Schätzen Entscheider im Gesundheitswesen die Niederlassungssituation falsch ein?

BACKGROUND: The aim of the study was to illustrate motives for a GP's branch from the current point of view by branch (expectations fulfilled) and before branch (motivation). In addition, obstructive or beneficial factors of a branch should be identified. METHODS: Using a mixed-methods approach (focus groups, individual interviews) with the target group were used in the qualitative part of experiences, opinions and motivations for the GP's branch and, after evaluation, a pre-tested questionnaire was used. A full survey of 675 identified GPs from the database of the Association of Statutory Health Insurance Physicians North Rhine was carried out. These had settled in the last 5 years before the survey period (09/2015). The questionnaire sent by post contained 17 questions on settlement motivation and 11 biographical aspects. RESULTS: The number of evaluable data records was 437 (64.7 %). The highest approval values, in the sense of conducive to settlement motivation, were "discontinuation of services in the hospital" (97.2 %) and "being one's own boss" (96.2 %). Rights and duties as a "panel physician" (8.5 %), and the "emergency service for panel physicians/on-call service" (22.7 %) were perceived as more of an obstacle. In terms of fulfilling expectations, the "discontinuation of services" (95.6 %) and the "diversity of age groups to be treated" (88.9 %) emerged. A total of 97 % would settle down again, regardless of the degree to which their wishes were fulfilled, and almost ¾ would only decided to work as family doctors after they had completed their studies. CONCLUSIONS: The fact that escaping from the stationary sector is the main driving force behind the settlement must be thought-provoking. Since this survey approach was not based on specialist groups or the level of training, but on a complete survey of established persons over a five-year period, it can be stated that the current incentive structures of a branch should be rethought due to the age structure of the interviewees.

[The practical training of medical students in General Medicine: Important characteristics of teaching practices]. / Die praktische Ausbildung des medizinischen Nachwuchses ­ Identifizierung von Lehrpraxen-Charakteristika in der Allgemeinmedizin.

BACKGROUND: Comprehensive general medical care is endangered by the socio-demographic development of the population as well as by recruitment problems in general medicine. Medical students' interest in general medicine increases if they experience their internships positively. However, the characteristics of teaching practice important to medical students have not been systematically investigated. METHODS: We conducted four focus groups with a total of 22 students. The group discussions were recorded, transcribed, and evaluated by means of qualitative content analysis. RESULTS: Students who rated their internship positively also expressed greater interest in becoming a family doctor. Variables that mattered to students were: Instruction and supervision by the owner's teaching practice and feedback behavior, being treated with respect, opportunity to work independently, the broad spectrum of diseases and the varied daily work when working as a family doctor, long-standing doctor-patient relationships, and good work-life balance. Variables that decreased students' interest in becoming a family doctor were the economic risk of starting a business, and being self-employed, referring patients to specialists for "interesting findings" and a poor work-life balance. CONCLUSION: The practical training of medical students in teaching practices has the potential to increase students' interest in working as a family doctor. This requires motivated teaching practice owners, who give students a positive insight into everyday practice.