New records of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in Chilean frogs.

We used molecular techniques to examine 11 species of frogs in 6 localities in southern Chile to ascertain the incidence of the chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd). We detected the fungus in 2 localities (Coñaripe and Raúl Marín Balmaceda) in 3 species: Batrachyla leptopus, Pleurodema thaul and Rhinoderma darwinii. Our findings expand the list of Bd hosts to include B. leptopus and P. thaul and extend the spatial distribution in Chile to include the southernmost Bd record at Raúl Marín Balmaceda.

Review of the reticulated python (Python reticulatus Schneider, 1801) with the description of new subspecies from Indonesia.

The geographically widespread Python reticulatus, the world's longest snake, has been largely neglected by taxonomists. Dwarfed individuals from Tanahjampea Island, Indonesia, differ strikingly in morphology. Phylogenetic relationships were analyzed using a 345-bp fragment of the cytochrome b gene for 12 specimens from different populations. Both genetic differences and morphological characters distinctly revealed two taxonomic subunits. The island populations of Tanahjampea and Selayar form two monophyletic lineages, supported by high bootstrap values, with distinct differences in color pattern and scalation. We consider these forms to represent two new subspecies. The Tanahjampea form is genetically related to populations of the Sunda Islands and mainland Southeast Asia, whereas the Selayar form is related to populations of Southwest Sulawesi. We conclude that, due to strong directional surface currents in this region, gene flow between Tanahjampea and Selayar is prevented. Sea-level changes during the Pleistocene probably contributed to the isolation of the two taxa described. Aspects of ecology and conservation status are briefly discussed. Electronic supplementary material to this paper can be obtained by using the Springer LINK server located at http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00114-002-0320-4.

Out of Asia: mitochondrial DNA evidence for an Oriental origin of tiger frogs, genus Hoplobatrachus.

Most examples of intercontinental dispersal events after the Miocene contact between Africa and Asia involve mammal lineages. Among amphibians, a number of probably related groups are known from both continents, but their phylogenies are so far largely unresolved. To test the hypothesis of Miocene dispersal against a Mesozoic vicariance scenario in the context of Gondwana fragmentation, we analyzed fragments of the mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene (572 bp) in 40 specimens of 34 species of the anuran family Ranidae. Results corroborated the monophyly of tiger frogs (genus Hoplobatrachus), a genus with representatives in Africa and Asia. The African H. occipitalis was the sister group of the Asian H. crassus, H. chinensis, and H. tigerinus. Hoplobatrachus was placed in a clade also containing the Asian genera Euphlyctis and Nannophrys. Combined analysis of sequences of 16S and 12S rRNA genes (total 903 bp) in a reduced set of taxa corroborated the monophyly of the lineage containing these three genera and identified the Asian genus Fejervarya as its possible sister group. The fact that the African H. occipitalis is nested within an otherwise exclusively Asian clade indicates its probable Oriental origin. Rough molecular clock estimates did not contradict the assumption that the dispersal event took place in the Miocene. Our data further identified a similar molecular divergence between closely related Asian and African species of Rana (belonging to the section Hylarana), indicating that Neogene intercontinental dispersal also may have taken place in this group and possibly in rhacophorid treefrogs.

[Enteritis cystica profunda in a patient with Crohn disease]. / Enteritis cystica profunda hos patient med morbus Crohn.

We describe a case report of a 58-year-old woman presenting with acute intestinal obstruction in association with Crohn's disease. The terminal ileum was resected and was found to be heavily thickened and stenotic, with multiple, mucinous cysts in the bowel wall. Pathological findings were otherwise consistent with Crohn's disease. Enteritis cystica profunda was diagnosed. Diagnosis and differential diagnoses (mucin producing adenocarcinoma and pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis) are discussed.

[Sediments on the inner surfaces of the tube of spray-mist suction devices]. / Untersuchungen von Ablagerungen an den Schlauchinnenflächen der Spraynebel-Absauggeräte.

Spray mist suction tubes made of polyvinylchloride were examined. Qualitative and quantitative germ determinations of the tube inner surfaces were carried out. To make reproducible examinations a standardized method of germ determination was introduces. Macroscopical model tests, assessments by scanning electron microscopy and chemical analyses dealt with the genesis of the deposits and bacterial coatings in the inner tube. A method has been found which minimizes coating formation by spraying of a contaminating cleaning agent.

[The spread of the backspray under different working conditions]. / Untersuchungen zur Ausbreitung des Sprayrückpralls bei unterschiedlichen Arbeitsbedingungen.

The use of high- and highest-speed preparation instruments and the therefore required intensive spray cooling results not only in more efficient working possibilities but also in an increased infection hazard, especially for the dentist and his assistance caused by the spray rebound. Simulated preparations were carried out on different tooth surfaces at different positions of the patient with or without exhaust under clinical conditions to objectify the space spreading of the spray rebound. The arrangement of the equipment has been objectified by photogrammetry so that the measurement data could be clearly classified. The use of the spraying mist exhaust reduces the spray rebound between 50 and 65%.

[Individually manufactured plastic canulas for laryngectomized patients (author's transl)]. / Individuell gefertigte Kunststoffkanülen für Laryngektomierte.

Individual synthetic material tracheal canulae for laryngectomized patients. The usual standard tracheal canulae leads in laryngectomized patients because of too strong curvature to lesions of the front side not rarely, which cause tracheal stenoses. Therefore individual short synthetic material tracheal canulae are recommended. The have stood the test since 1959. Supposition is the co-operation of laryngologist and prothesist.

[Impression technics for crowns and bridgework]. / Die Abformung für Kronen- und Brückenersatz.

A survey is given of the impression methods developed for the accurate manufacture of crown and bridge preparations by means of the indirect technique. A description of the impression task in fixed prostheses is followed by an account of the principles of band and bandless impression techniques, pointing to their advantages and disadvantages and their indications.

[Liberation of growth hormone and melanocyte-stimulating hormone in natural and melatonin-induced human sleep (author's transl)]. / Freisetzung von Wachstumshormon und von Melanozyten stimulierendem Hormon im durch Melatonin gebhnten Schlaf beim Menschen

As in the early period of night sleep, plasma levels of human growth (HGH) are markedly elevated in afternoon sleep in healthy young males. Melatonin (50 mg i.v.) induces marked secretion of HGH when sleep is prevented. It decreases latencies for sleep onset and deep sleep significantly, and markedly enhances peak secretion of HGH during slow-wave sleep. Plasma melanocyte-stimulating hormone (betal-MSH) levels were influenced neither by melatonin nor by sleep.

[The acceptability of different oral contraceptive methods]. / Zur Akzeptabilität verschiedener methodischer Prinzipien der oralen Kontrazeption

PIP: Results of a survey of contraceptive acceptability are reported. In formation on oral and depot hormonal contraceptives was distributed to 1064 Ovosiston or Nonovlon users, 110 women using depot contraceptives, and 609 women who had never used hormonal contraception. The women's preferences with regard to administration schedule, and their perceptions of effectiveness and safety were noted. Non-users considered daily, weekly, or monthly administration acceptable, while only 2/3 of those taking oral contraceptives thought daily administration convenient. 90.2% of Deposiston patients did not care for daily administration. Deposiston patients also had the greatest confidence in their method. The authors believe on the basis of this survey that weekly administration may be highly acceptable alternative t o conventional oral contraception.^ieng