Serum adiponectin and progranulin levels are associated with gallstone disease.

BACKGROUND/AIM: Aberrant adipokine serum concentrations are associated with a variety of obesity-related diseases. This study was designed to investigate the putative role of the adipokines adiponectin, chemerin, progranulin, vaspin, fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) and adipocyte fatty acid binding protein (AFABP) in gallstone disease. METHODS: Serum levels of adiponectin, chemerin, progranulin, vaspin, FGF21 and AFABP of 189 gallstone patients and 833 healthy controls were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. RESULTS: Increased adiponectin levels were nominally associated with lower gallstone risk in women (p=0.036, odds ratio (OR) 0.47, 95% confidence interval (CI) [0.23; 0.95]). Furthermore progranulin serum concentrations in men were significantly elevated in gallstone carriers in comparison to controls (p=0.012, OR 6.1, 95% CI [1.5; 24.9]). Serum levels of chemerin, vaspin, FGF21 and AFABP did not differ between controls and subjects with gallstones. CONCLUSION: Our data further support a protective effect of adiponectin on gallstone risk and suggest a role of progranulin in the pathophysiology of cholelithiasis. Nevertheless, longitudinal data and functional analyses would be required to assess the pathogenetic link between gallstone formation and adipokine serum levels.

Genetic variation in the vaspin gene affects circulating serum vaspin concentrations.

OBJECTIVE: Visceral adipose tissue-derived serine protease inhibitor (vaspin) is an adipokine potentially linking obesity, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Here, we searched for genetic determinants that could explain the variability in serum vaspin concentrations. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: First, we conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) for serum vaspin in the Sorbs cohort (N=826). Subsequently, 26 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) covering genetic variation in the vaspin locus were genotyped in the Sorbs. In addition, we measured serum vaspin concentrations in 1806 samples from Augsburg/the Cooperative Health Research in the Region of Augsburg (KORA) for replication of the association signals. Finally, we conducted association analyses of vaspin SNPs with metabolic traits in the Sorbs (N=1013), KORA (N=1813) and a further cohort from Germany (Leipzig: N=1857). RESULTS: Six SNPs mapping between serpinA1 and serpinA4, including the vaspin locus, on chromosome 14 reached P-values < or = 10(-8) in the GWAS in the Sorbs. The fine mapping of variants within the vaspin locus in the Sorbs and subsequent replication in the KORA sample revealed several SNPs significantly associated with serum vaspin concentrations reaching P-values of up to 10(-35). However, no significant association with type 2 diabetes or related traits was found in either cohort after the Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons. CONCLUSION: Our data show that the variability in serum vaspin concentrations might be explained by its genetic variants.

De novo CNV analysis implicates specific abnormalities of postsynaptic signalling complexes in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia.

A small number of rare, recurrent genomic copy number variants (CNVs) are known to substantially increase susceptibility to schizophrenia. As a consequence of the low fecundity in people with schizophrenia and other neurodevelopmental phenotypes to which these CNVs contribute, CNVs with large effects on risk are likely to be rapidly removed from the population by natural selection. Accordingly, such CNVs must frequently occur as recurrent de novo mutations. In a sample of 662 schizophrenia proband-parent trios, we found that rare de novo CNV mutations were significantly more frequent in cases (5.1% all cases, 5.5% family history negative) compared with 2.2% among 2623 controls, confirming the involvement of de novo CNVs in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Eight de novo CNVs occurred at four known schizophrenia loci (3q29, 15q11.2, 15q13.3 and 16p11.2). De novo CNVs of known pathogenic significance in other genomic disorders were also observed, including deletion at the TAR (thrombocytopenia absent radius) region on 1q21.1 and duplication at the WBS (Williams-Beuren syndrome) region at 7q11.23. Multiple de novos spanned genes encoding members of the DLG (discs large) family of membrane-associated guanylate kinases (MAGUKs) that are components of the postsynaptic density (PSD). Two de novos also affected EHMT1, a histone methyl transferase known to directly regulate DLG family members. Using a systems biology approach and merging novel CNV and proteomics data sets, systematic analysis of synaptic protein complexes showed that, compared with control CNVs, case de novos were significantly enriched for the PSD proteome (P=1.72 × 10⁻6. This was largely explained by enrichment for members of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) (P=4.24 × 10⁻6) and neuronal activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein (ARC) (P=3.78 × 10⁻8) postsynaptic signalling complexes. In an analysis of 18 492 subjects (7907 cases and 10 585 controls), case CNVs were enriched for members of the NMDAR complex (P=0.0015) but not ARC (P=0.14). Our data indicate that defects in NMDAR postsynaptic signalling and, possibly, ARC complexes, which are known to be important in synaptic plasticity and cognition, play a significant role in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia.

Association and evolutionary studies of the melatonin receptor 1B gene (MTNR1B) in the self-contained population of Sorbs from Germany.

AIMS: Several polymorphisms of the melatonin receptor 1B gene (MTNR1B) have been shown to be associated with elevated fasting plasma glucose and impaired early insulin release. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of MTNR1B variants on traits related to the metabolic syndrome in the self-contained population of Sorbs from Germany. As comprehensive studies concerning the conservation of MTNR1B are lacking, we also evaluated natural selection in vertebrates and human populations at this locus. METHODS: Five single nucleotide polymorphisms representing all blocks of linkage disequilibrium within and surrounding the MTNR1B locus were genotyped in 937 Sorbs for association analyses on metabolic traits related to Type 2 diabetes. The associations were assessed by regression analyses, the conservation between species was investigated with phylogenetic analysis by maximum likelihood (PAML). In addition, various tests of population genetic measures (e.g. fixation index, Tajima's D) were performed. RESULTS: Previously reported association between MTNR1B variants (rs10830963, rs4753426) and oral glucose tolerance test-derived indices of ß-cell function (homeostasis model assessment-B, P = 3.7 × 10⁻6 and P = 0.004, respectively), as well as insulin (fasting insulin: P=2×10⁻³ and P=0.02; 30-min insulin: P = 2.1 × 10⁻4 and P=0.03, respectively) and fasting glucose (rs10830963, P=1.2×10⁻6) parameters could be replicated in the present study. Phylogenetic analysis by maximum likelihood analyses showed that the gene was strongly conserved between species (ω=0.2583). Structures important for the receptor function are also conserved. On the lineage leading to human adaptive selection was present (ω=1.1030). Population genetic measures further indicated natural selection. CONCLUSIONS: Our data support the physiologic importance of MTNR1B in the context of glucose homeostasis and suggest evidence of selection at this locus.

Expanding the range of ZNF804A variants conferring risk of psychosis.

A trio of genome-wide association studies recently reported sequence variants at three loci to be significantly associated with schizophrenia. No sequence polymorphism had been unequivocally (P<5 × 10(-8)) associated with schizophrenia earlier. However, one variant, rs1344706[T], had come very close. This polymorphism, located in an intron of ZNF804A, was reported to associate with schizophrenia with a P-value of 1.6 × 10(-7), and with psychosis (schizophrenia plus bipolar disorder) with a P-value of 1.0 × 10(-8). In this study, using 5164 schizophrenia cases and 20,709 controls, we replicated the association with schizophrenia (odds ratio OR = 1.08, P = 0.0029) and, by adding bipolar disorder patients, we also confirmed the association with psychosis (added N = 609, OR = 1.09, P = 0.00065). Furthermore, as it has been proposed that variants such as rs1344706[T]-common and with low relative risk-may also serve to identify regions harboring less common, higher-risk susceptibility alleles, we searched ZNF804A for large copy number variants (CNVs) in 4235 psychosis patients, 1173 patients with other psychiatric disorders and 39,481 controls. We identified two CNVs including at least part of ZNF804A in psychosis patients and no ZNF804A CNVs in controls (P = 0.013 for association with psychosis). In addition, we found a ZNF804A CNV in an anxiety patient (P = 0.0016 for association with the larger set of psychiatric disorders).

Lack of significant effects of the type 2 diabetes susceptibility loci JAZF1, CDC123/CAMK1D, NOTCH2, ADAMTS9, THADA, and TSPAN8/LGR5 on diabetes and quantitative metabolic traits.

Recently, several novel loci reaching genome-wide significance levels for type 2 diabetes (T2D) were identified through a meta-analysis of three genome-wide scans and large-scale follow-up. The aim of our study was to investigate the association of these loci with T2D and related subphenotypes in two cohorts from Germany. We performed an association study of 9 SNPs in or around JAZF1, CDC123/ CAMK1D, NOTCH2, BCL11A, ADAMTS9, VEGFA, DCD, THADA, and TSPAN8/ LGR5 with T2D and related quantitative traits (fasting insulin and glucose, indices derived from OGTT) in the isolated population of Sorbs (205 cases and 695 controls) and in a mixed German population (Leipzig) (938 subjects with and 918 without T2D). None of the variants was associated with T2D, but the meta-analysis of both cohorts revealed a modest trend of association of rs7578597 in THADA with T2D (p=0.055). Furthermore, Sorbian subjects homozygous for the rs7578597 T-allele had lower mean 30-minute plasma insulin when compared with carriers of the C-allele (p<0.05). The T-allele was also nominally associated with higher fasting plasma glucose in the Leipzig cohort (p<0.05). Although several other SNPs showed some evidence for association with T2D-related traits the effects were not replicated within our study. Associations of the T2D-risk alleles with T2D or related subphenotypes were overall very weak in the approximately 2 700 subjects studied. This is compatible with the modest effect size of these "second sweep" variants, which will require large-scale association studies on quantitative traits to clarify their role in the pathophysiology of T2D.

A SNP haplotype of the forkhead transcription factor FOXO1A gene may have a protective effect against type 2 diabetes in German Caucasians.

AIM: The human protein encoded by the FOXO1A gene functions as a transcription factor of insulin signaling key genes. In this study we investigated the role of genetic variation in the FOXO1A gene in susceptibility to type 2 diabetes (T2D) and relevant metabolic traits. METHODS: We genotyped six haplotype tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for association analyses in German Caucasians (593 patients with T2D and 760 non-diabetics, who included 594 normoglycemics and 166 individuals with impaired glucose tolerance). RESULTS: In a case control study involving all type 2 diabetics and healthy controls with normal glucose tolerance, none of the FOXO1A SNPs showed any association with T2D. However, the frequency of the [C-C-G-A-A-A] haplotype comprising six FOXO1A SNPs was 36.5% in normoglycemic non-diabetic controls compared to 31.0% in type 2 diabetic patients (P=0.004). Consistent with this, the same haplotype was significantly associated with lower fasting plasma insulin, BMI, HbA(1C), free fatty acids and % body fat in all non-diabetic subjects (all adjusted P<0.05). CONCLUSION: In conclusion, our study suggests a protective effect of FOXO1A haplotype [C-C-G-A-A-A] on T2D development and relevant intermediate phenotypes which predispose for T2D.

The insertion/deletion polymorphism in the angiotensin-converting enzyme gene and hypoglycemia awareness in patients with type 1 diabetes.

Impaired hypoglycemia awareness affects approximately 25% of all patients with type 1 diabetes (T1DM). Duration of diabetes and tight glycemic control represent main risk factors of impaired hypoglycemia awareness. However, even among patients with good glycemic control and longstanding T1DM, awareness of hypoglycemia may be intact. Genetic factors might explain some of this remaining variability. Recently, the insertion/deletion ( I/ D) polymorphism in angiotensin converting enzyme gene ( ACE) was shown to be associated with significantly higher risk of hypoglycemic events in subjects with T1DM. Here, we studied the effects of genetic polymorphisms in the ACE on impaired hypoglycemia awareness in 231 Caucasian T1DM patients. Hypoglycemia awareness status was determined using standardized questionnaires (Clarke et al. and Edinburgh Hypoglycemia Scale). ACE I/ D genotype was determined by PCR amplification of the respective fragments from intron 16 of the ACE and size fractionation (I allele frequency=0.49; P=0.74 for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium). In the logistic regression analysis, significant risk factors of impaired hypoglycemia awareness were duration of diabetes, C-peptide and HbA (1c) (all P<0.01). However, no significant effect of the I/ D polymorphism on impaired hypoglycemia awareness was observed with and without adjustment for age, diabetes duration, C-peptide and HbA (1c). Even though the study provides a relatively large dataset, it is possible that small differences may have been missed.

[Genetics of type 2 diabetes]. / Genetik des Typ-2-Diabetes.

In the last years type 2 diabetes has reached almost epidemic proportions. More than 170 million individuals are affected worldwide, about 6 million in Germany. Manifestation of type 2 diabetes is determined by both environmental factors such as lack of physical exercise and overeating and a genetic predisposition. Despite enormous efforts in medical research to identify susceptibility loci and high risk alleles, the genetics of common type 2 diabetes (non-MODY) remain unknown. To date, only a few susceptibility genes have been identified (such as PPARG, KCNJ11, CAPN10). However, replication of initial studies is often difficult. This can be explained by both locus and allelic heterogeneity as well as ethnic differences between different populations. Studies in genetically isolated populations such as the Pima Indians are advantageous to identify susceptibility alleles. Despite some recent advances, it is not possible to predict an individual's risk of type 2 diabetes based on the presence of a certain disease-risk allele.