ABSTRACT
ABSTRACT Neotropical amphibians play important roles as preys and predators in freshwater and terrestrial ecosystems. The subfamily Pseudinae includes small and medium-sized frogs within three genera representing 13 valid species. Most published records of predation on Pseudinae frogs are anecdotic and scarce. Herein, we provide five new reports of predation and presenting a detailed literature review on Pseudinae predation, with 15 studies published between 1983-2017. Pseudinae species were preyed at both day and night by a wide variety of predators, principally birds. Adults were preyed upon more frequently than juveniles and tadpoles. In the present study, most predators were diurnal, with birds accounting for most records. A variety of invertebrates prey on anurans, but water bugs and spiders are the most common ones. In the present study, water bugs comprised 75 % of the Pseudinae predation records by invertebrates. However, anuran predation by invertebrates remains poorly documented. Thus, the description of new cases of predation accompanied by a review of the data available in the literature is crucial to understanding Neotropical food webs.
RESUMEN Los anfibios neotropicales desempeñan papeles importantes como depredadores y presas en los ecosistemas dulce acuícolas y terrestres. La subfamilia Pseudinae incluye ranas pequeñas y medianas, distribuidas en tres géneros y representando 13 especies válidas. Los registros de depredación de Pseudinae son escasos y anecdóticos. Por lo tanto, el conocimiento de nuevos casos puede mejorar nuestra comprensión de las relaciones depredador-presa entre estas ranas y su papel en la cadena trófica. Presentamos cinco nuevos registros de depredación y revisamos los casos de depredación de la literatura, que incluyen 15 estudios publicados entre 1983 y 2017. Las especies de Pseudinae son depredadas, tanto durante el día como en la noche, por una gran variedad de depredadores, principalmente aves. Los adultos son más frecuentemente depredados que los juveniles y los renacuajos. En el presente estudio, las chinches de agua representan 75 % de los registros de depredación de Pseudinae por invertebrados. Sin embargo, depredación de anuros por invertebrados permanece poco documentada. Por lo tanto, la descripción de nuevos casos de depredación, junto a una revisión de los datos disponibles en la literatura es crucial para entender redes tróficas neotropicales.
ABSTRACT
Bokermannohyla (tribe Cophomantini) is an endemic genus of Brazilian treefrogs containing 32 species arranged into four phenetic groups. The B. pseudopseudis group includes nine species, which are typically found in rupestrian ecosystems of disjunct Brazilian mountain ranges. Tadpoles have been shown to be important sources of information for the taxonomy of this genus, although careful analyses of character variation and descriptions of internal anatomy remain scarce. Since the first description of B. pseudopseudis tadpoles was based on a mixed series containing specimens of B. pseudopseudis and B. sapiranga, we describe the larvae of these two species from their type localities, including their external morphology, oral cavity, and skeletal system. Tadpoles of B. pseudopseudis are easily distinguished from those of B. sapiranga by aspects of their coloration and characters of their oral disc (more labial tooth rows, more numerous submarginal papillae and flaps with labial teeth). These morphological differences may be diagnostic for these two similar species, whereas their chondrocranium, hyobranchial apparatus, and oral cavity are alike, suggesting less variability in these character systems between closely related species. Finally, we provide the first comparison of data on the skeletal system of Bokermannohyla and other Cophomantini, highlighting characters of potential relevance to the systematics of the tribe.
Subject(s)
Larva , Animals , Anura , Brazil , Ecosystem , SkullABSTRACT
Protected areas (PAs) are essential for biodiversity conservation, but their coverage is considered inefficient for the preservation of all species. Many species are subdivided into evolutionarily significant units (ESUs) and the effectiveness of PAs in protecting them needs to be investigated. We evaluated the usefulness of the Brazilian PAs network in protecting ESUs of the critically endangered Pithecopus ayeaye through ongoing climate change. This species occurs in a threatened mountaintop ecosystem known as campos rupestres. We used multilocus DNA sequences to delimit geographic clusters, which were further validated as ESUs with a coalescent approach. Ecological niche modeling was used to estimate spatial changes in ESUs' potential distributions, and a gap analysis was carried out to evaluate the effectiveness of the Brazilian PAs network to protect P. ayeaye in the face of climate changes. We tested the niche overlap between ESUs to gain insights for potential management alternatives for the species. Pithecopus ayeaye contains at least three ESUs isolated in distinct mountain regions, and one of them is not protected by any PA. There are no climatic niche differences between the units, and only 4% of the suitable potential area of the species is protected in present and future projections. The current PAs are not effective in preserving the intraspecific diversity of P. ayeaye in its present and future range distributions. The genetic structure of P. ayeaye could represent a typical pattern in campos rupestres endemics, which should be considered for evaluating its conservation status.
ABSTRACT
Rapid adaptive changes can result from the drastic alterations humans impose on ecosystems. For example, flooding large areas for hydroelectric dams converts mountaintops into islands and leaves surviving populations in a new environment. We report differences in morphology and diet of the termite-eating gecko Gymnodactylus amarali between five such newly created islands and five nearby mainland sites located in the Brazilian Cerrado, a biodiversity hotspot. Mean prey size and dietary prey-size breadth were larger on islands than mainlands, expected because four larger lizard species that also consume termites, but presumably prefer larger prey, went extinct on the islands. In addition, island populations had larger heads relative to their body length than mainland populations; larger heads are more suited to the larger prey taken, and disproportionately larger heads allow that functional advantage without an increase in energetic requirements resulting from larger body size. Parallel morphological evolution is strongly suggested, because there are indications that, before flooding, relative head size did not differ between future island and future mainland sites. Females and males showed the same trend of relatively larger heads on islands, so the difference between island and mainland sites is unlikely to be due to greater male-male competition for mates on islands. We thus discovered a very fast (at most 15 y) case of independent parallel adaptive change in response to catastrophic human disturbance.
Subject(s)
Adaptation, Physiological , Feeding Behavior/physiology , Lizards/physiology , Animals , IslandsABSTRACT
At least 251 mammal species are recorded for the Brazilan cerrado, which, therefore, is the third richest Brazilian biome. Most mammal surveys in Brazilian cerrado result from studies performed opportunistically and in short time periods. The aims of the present study were (1) provide a checklist for the mammalian fauna based on a five-year sampling in Serra do Facão region, Southeastern Goiás state; (2) compare small non-flying mammals diversity in open and forest areas and (3) compare species diversity before and after the flood caused by a hydroelectric reservoir filling. The data was gathered in 19 sampling periods, from May 2008 to September 2013. We sampled open and forest habitats and captured non-flying small mammals with Sherman and Tomahawk live traps and pitfalls; bats were sampled with mist-nets; large mammals were recorded with camera traps, and by direct observations and track surveys in field. We found 20 species of small non-flying mammals, 10 species of bats and 33 species of larger mammals. Species diversity was greater for forest than open habitats, and was also greater before than after the complete reservoir filling. About 10% of the recorded species are included in the Brazilian official list of threatened species. The total richness represents 25% of all cerrado mammal fauna, highlighting the importance of this area for regional mammal fauna conservation.
Há 251 espécies de mamíferos de ocorrência confirmada no cerrado, o terceiro bioma brasileiro em riqueza de espécies. A maioria dos inventários da mastofauna do cerrado é resultado de estudos oportunísticos, com curta duração. Os objetivos do presente estudo foram (1) inventariar a mastofauna durante cinco anos de amostragens na região do Aproveitamento Hidrelétrico da Serra do Facão, no sudeste do estado de Goiás; (2) Comparar a diversidade de pequenos mamíferos em áreas abertas e florestais e (3) comparar a diversidade da mastofauna antes e depois da inundação causada pelo enchimento do reservatório do empreendimento hidrelétrico. A coleta de dados foi realizada em 19 campanhas de amostragem, entre maio de 2008 e setembro de 2013. Os pequenos mamíferos não voadores foram amostrados com armadilhas Sherman e Tomahawk, e armadilhas de queda; morcegos foram amostrados com redes de neblina; e os mamíferos de maior porte foram amostrados com armadilhas-fotográficas, observações diretas e observações de vestígios. Foram registradas 20 espécies de pequenos mamíferos não-voadores, 10 espécies de morcegos e 33 de mamíferos de maior porte. A diversidade de pequenos mamíferos não voadores foi maior em ambientes florestais que em abertos, e foi também maior antes do que depois do enchimento do reservatório da hidroelétrica. Cerca de 10% das espécies registradas estão incluídas na lista oficial dos mamíferos ameaçados de extinção. O total de espécies representa 25% da fauna de mamíferos do cerrado, o que demonstra a importância da área para conservação da mastofauna regional.
ABSTRACT
A new species of the Scinax ruber clade is described from Chapada dos Veadeiros region, Central Brazil. The new species is diagnosed by having SVL 21.9-27.7 mm in males and 26.7-31.7 mm in females; snout acuminate in dorsal view and rounded in profile; medium-sized tympanum; vocal sac single, median, subgular, that does not reach the pectoral region; iris iridescent yellow, with some thin, darker reticulations; tadpoles with ventral oral disc; P-3 regular and unmodified as a labial arm; absence of keratinized and colored plates on the sides of the lower jaw-sheath; presence of a keratinized and colored spur on each side behind the lower jaw-sheath; dorsolateral eyes, ventrally invisible; and advertisement call composed of 8-14 notes each with 4-18 pulses, and duration of 290-420 ms. The new species uses temporary creeks in rock meadows above 1.000 m a.s.l. and males calls from rock outcrops. The dorsal color pattern enables this species to camouflage in this kind of surfaces.
Subject(s)
Anura/classification , Animal Distribution , Animal Structures/anatomy & histology , Animal Structures/growth & development , Animals , Anura/anatomy & histology , Anura/growth & development , Anura/physiology , Body Size , Brazil , Ecosystem , Female , Larva/anatomy & histology , Larva/classification , Larva/growth & development , Male , Organ Size , Vocalization, AnimalABSTRACT
Based on the analyses of specimens collected at several areas in the Cerrado domain from Central Brazil and others housed in scientific collections and on specimens collected at the type-locality, herein we describe three new species belonging to the P. cristiceps group: Proceratophrys bagnoi sp. nov., from UHE Serra da Mesa power plant (13°49'47.5"S, 48°19'17"W; 570 m a.s.l.; WGS84 datum), Municipality of Minaçu, State of Goiás; Proceratophrys branti sp. nov., from Jalapão, Municipality of Mateiros (05o15'25"S, 48o12'00"W; 109 m a.s.l.; WGS84 datum), State of Tocantins; and Proceratophrys dibernardoi sp. nov., Municipality of Mineiros (17o33'52"S, 52o33'20"W; 803 m a.s.l.; WGS84 datum), State of Goiás. The diversity of Proceratophrys in Brazilian Cerrado is still underscored and several species will be described in the following years.
Subject(s)
Anura/classification , Animal Distribution , Animal Structures/anatomy & histology , Animals , Anura/anatomy & histology , Brazil , Ecosystem , Female , MaleABSTRACT
Accidents caused by scorpions are a serious public health problem in Brazil. Rhopalurus agamemnon is a large scorpion found in the Cerrado (savanna) biome, and it is very abundant in many localities in central Brazil. The species inhabits open savanna environments, and is common inside termite mounds. However, it disappears from places where the native vegetation has been removed. The accidents reported present moderate symptoms of envenoming, but are based on questionable identifications. Here, we present a report on an accident that was certainly caused by Rhopalurus agamemnon. We conclude that the few reports available do not make it possible to evaluate the severity of such accidents and the possible risk to public health from this scorpion.
Subject(s)
Scorpion Stings/diagnosis , Adult , Animals , Humans , Male , Scorpions/classification , Species SpecificityABSTRACT
Acidentes escorpiônicos constituem um sério problema de saúde pública no Brasil. Rhopalurus agamemnon é um grande escorpião do bioma Cerrado, muito abundante em diversas localidades do Brasil Central. A espécie utiliza ambientes campestres e savânicos, sendo comum no interior de cupinzeiros. Entretanto, desaparece de locais onde o cerrado é removido. Os acidentes relatados apresentam sintomas de envenenamentos moderados, mas são baseados em identificações discutíveis. Aqui apresentamos o relato de um acidente seguramente causado por esta espécie. Concluímos que os poucos relatos disponíveis não permitem avaliar a gravidade dos acidentes e o eventual risco deste escorpião para a saúde pública.
Accidents caused by scorpions are a serious public health problem in Brazil. Rhopalurus agamemnon is a large scorpion found in the Cerrado (savanna) biome, and it is very abundant in many localities in central Brazil. The species inhabits open savanna environments, and is common inside termite mounds. However, it disappears from places where the native vegetation has been removed. The accidents reported present moderate symptoms of envenoming, but are based on questionable identifications. Here, we present a report on an accident that was certainly caused by Rhopalurus agamemnon. We conclude that the few reports available do not make it possible to evaluate the severity of such accidents and the possible risk to public health from this scorpion.
Subject(s)
Adult , Animals , Humans , Male , Spider Bites/diagnosis , Species Specificity , Scorpions/classificationABSTRACT
O Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul situa-se na porção mediana da grande diagonal de formações abertas da América do Sul, uma região que abriga uma grande diversidade de anfíbios e répteis, sendo algumas endêmicas. Apesar de sua importância biogeográfica, essa diagonal tem sido pouco considerada em estudos com abrangência regional. Dentre os componentes fitofisionômicos que compõem essa região e cuja representatividade se faz presente no Estado, as matas estacionais deciduais são elementos marcantes na região da Serra da Bodoquena. Devido a peculiaridade desse ambiente, muitas áreas ainda necessitam de uma maior avaliação quanto à sua biodiversidade. Informações sobre a herpetofauna do Parque Nacional da Serra da Bodoquena são escassas e pontuais e sugerem uma semelhança com a fauna de cerrado. Este trabalho apresenta registros da herpetofauna do Parque Nacional da Serra da Bodoquena e regiões de entorno, abrangendo áreas em bom estado de conservação e locais com atividade agropecuária. As amostragens foram realizadas em dois períodos, contemplando as estações seca e chuvosa na região. O inventário consistiu em busca ativa limitada por tempo, além de registros oportunísticos. Informações sobre a riqueza de espécies da herpetofauna da Caatinga, Cerrado e Chaco foram compiladas da literatura e comparadas com aquela registrada no presente trabalho. Foram registradas 63 espécies, sendo 38 anfíbios e 25 répteis. Muitas das espécies estavam associadas a ambientes particulares, como matas de galeria e afloramentos rochosos. A maior similaridade da herpetofauna do Parque Nacional da Serra da Bodoquena deu-se com aquela encontrada no Cerrado, provavelmente porque a área está inserida nesse bioma. Considerando-se a diversidade de hábitats da área, provavelmente o número de espécies deverá aumentar com a realização de novos inventários na região. Agregar novas informações sobre a herpetofauna da Serra da Bodoquena é fundamental para o plano de manejo...
The State of Mato Grosso do Sul, central Brazil, is located in the center of the broad South American open-dry diagonal areas. This region harbors a great diversity of amphibians and reptiles, with some endemic species. Despite such biogeographical scenario, biodiversity of this region is poorly known at local scales. Dry forests are important physiognomies in Mato Grosso do Sul and represent an important landscape element at Serra da Bodoquena, resulting in local characteristics that require biodiversity surveys. There are few and punctual information on the herpetofauna from the Serra da Bodoquena National Park and they suggest a similarity with the Cerrado herpetofauna. The present study represents the first record of the herpetofauna from the Serra da Bodoquena National Park and adjacent areas. Samples were conducted in pristine and disturbed areas in two distinct climatic periods, covering both rainy and dry seasons, by means of active search limited by time as well as opportunistic records. Data on the herpetofauna of the Caatinga, Cerrado, and Chaco biomes were compiled and compared with the species sampled in the present study. We registered 63 species, including 38 amphibians and 25 reptiles. Several species were associated to particular habitats, such as gallery forests or rocky outcrops. The herpetofauna from the Serra da Bodoquena National Park showed a greater similarity with that of the Cerrado, probably because the area is inserted in this biome. Considering the habitat diversity found at Serra da Bodoquena, the number of species must increase with other surveys in the area. Natural history and ecological studies on amphibian and reptiles of the Serra da Bodoquena must be encouraged in order to contribute for the National Park management.
