ABSTRACT
The legume pod borer, Maruca vitrata, is an endemic insect pest that causes significant yield loss to the cowpea crop in West Africa. The application of population genetic tools is important in the management of insect pests but such data on M. vitrata is lacking. We applied a set of six microsatellite markers to assess the population structure of M. vitrata collected at five sites from Burkina Faso, Niger and Nigeria. Observed polymorphisms ranged from one (marker 3393) to eight (marker 32008) alleles per locus. Observed and expected heterozygosities ranged from 0.0 to 0.8 and 0.0 to 0.6, respectively. Three of the loci in samples from Nigeria and Burkina Faso deviated significantly from Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium (HWE), whereas no loci deviated significantly in samples from Niger. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) indicated that 67.3% level of the genetic variation was within individuals compared to 17.3% among populations. A global estimate of F ST=0.1 (ENA corrected F ST=0.1) was significant (P⩽0.05) and corroborated by pairwise F ST values that were significant among all possible comparisons. A significant correlation was predicted between genetic divergence and geographic distance between subpopulations (R2=0.6, P=0.04), and cluster analysis by the program STRUCTURE predicted that co-ancestry of genotypes were indicative of three distinct populations. The spatial genetic variance among M. vitrata in West Africa may be due to limited gene flow, south-north seasonal movement pattern or other reproductive barriers. This information is important for the cultural, chemical and biological control strategies for managing M. vitrata.
Subject(s)
Gene Flow , Insect Proteins/genetics , Moths/genetics , Polymorphism, Genetic , Animals , Burkina Faso , Insect Control , Insect Proteins/metabolism , Microsatellite Repeats , Molecular Sequence Data , Niger , Nigeria , Polymerase Chain Reaction , Population Dynamics , Sequence Analysis, DNASubject(s)
Blood Transfusion, Autologous , Pneumonectomy , Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/surgery , Adult , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/drug effects , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/isolation & purification , Time Factors , Transfusion Reaction , Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/diagnosis , Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/immunology , Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/microbiologySubject(s)
Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/immunology , Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/surgery , Adolescent , Adult , Case-Control Studies , Female , HumansABSTRACT
The outcomes of surgical treatment were analyzed in 264 new cases of restrictive pulmonary tuberculosis subjected to pulmonectomy without pretreatment with drugs in the preoperative period. Sixty one patients who had refused to have surgery or operated on after treatment were as a control. Indications for such policy were defined. These included limited tuberculomas and cavernous tuberculosis without local seeding, perifocal infiltration, exacerbations and preserved cellular and humoral immunity and non-specific protection factors. The outcomes of surgical interventions in the experimental group were slightly better. They had fewer complications, rapid recovery of working capacity, low per cent of disability than patients operated on after preoperative chemotherapy. There was no increase in the incidence of relapses.
Subject(s)
Pneumonectomy , Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/surgery , Adolescent , Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Retrospective Studies , Secondary Prevention , Time Factors , Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/diagnosisABSTRACT
A l'hopital pediatrique Albert Royer de Dakar; l'etude des salmonelles non typhoidiques de (1985-1989) a permis de colliger 35 dossiers. Elles representent 0;4 pour cent des hospitalisations et sont survenues essentiellement (83 pour cent) chez l'enfant age de moins de 3 ans; presentant surtout un terrain pathologique sous-jacent. Les principales formes cliniques ont ete septicemiques (46 pour cent) et digestives (31 pour cent). Parmi les formes localisees (23 pour cent) ; les meningites purulentes ont represente 45 pour cent. Un seul portage asymptomatique a ete decele. Les 17 serotypes de Salmonella isoles appartiennent a 8 serogroupes. S. enteridis et S. typhimurium ont constitue 51 pour cent des isolats. La sensibilite aux antibiotiques des differents serotypes a ete variable; les cephalosporines de troisieme generation et la gentamycine ayant inhibe plus de 80 pour cent des souches. La duree moyenne de l'antibiotherapie a ete de 21 jours avec une mortalite s'elevant a 17 pour cent. L'association ampicilline-gentamycine; bien que critiquable; garde son indication en traitement de 1ere intention a cause des disponibilites en produits
