A comparison of nutrient uptake efficiency and growth rate between different macrophyte growth forms.

Aquatic macrophytes grow abundantly in many lowland streams and play a key role in ecosystem functioning, such as nutrient retention. In this study, we performed a microcosm experiment to quantify and compare the contribution of two freshwater macrophyte growth forms to nutrient cycling. We measured and compared inorganic nitrogen (NH4-N and NO3-N) and phosphorus (PO4-P) uptake kinetic parameters (Vmax and Cmin) in 12 submerged and seven amphibious plant species. We tested whether relative growth rate (RGR) was related to high Vmax and low Cmin, and quantified changes in nutrient uptake kinetic in a subset of six out of 19 plants species during the growth season. Uptake rates of NH4-N were higher in submerged compared to amphibious plants, whereas uptake rates of NO3-N were significantly higher in amphibious species; PO4-P uptake kinetics were not significantly different between the two growth forms. There were also significant seasonal differences in Vmax NH4-N rate among both submerged and amphibious species and in Vmax NO3-N among amphibious species. Highest uptake rates were observed in summer for both submerged and amphibious species. Overall, we found that nutrient uptake kinetics differed between the two growth forms within and between seasons. Consequently, the presence of both growth forms should extend the period of nutrient uptake across the year and enhance nutrient uptake within seasons. We conclude that higher functional diversity enhances annual nutrient uptake in streams and that stream restoration efforts should consider increasing the niche space available for both submerged and amphibious species.

Catchment properties and the photosynthetic trait composition of freshwater plant communities.

Unlike in land plants, photosynthesis in many aquatic plants relies on bicarbonate in addition to carbon dioxide (CO2) to compensate for the low diffusivity and potential depletion of CO2 in water. Concentrations of bicarbonate and CO2 vary greatly with catchment geology. In this study, we investigate whether there is a link between these concentrations and the frequency of freshwater plants possessing the bicarbonate use trait. We show, globally, that the frequency of plant species with this trait increases with bicarbonate concentration. Regionally, however, the frequency of bicarbonate use is reduced at sites where the CO2 concentration is substantially above the air equilibrium, consistent with this trait being an adaptation to carbon limitation. Future anthropogenic changes of bicarbonate and CO2 concentrations may alter the species compositions of freshwater plant communities.

Submerged freshwater plant communities do not show species complementarity effect in wetland mesocosms.

It is a generally accepted theory that ecological functions are enhanced with increased diversity in plant communities due to species complementarity effects. We tested this theory in a mesocosm study using freshwater submerged plant beds to determine if increasing species number caused overyielding and species complementarity. We applied a maximum of four species in the plant beds corresponding to the typical species number in natural freshwater plant beds. We found no clear effects of species number (1-4) on biomass production and thus no conclusive overyielding and complementarity effect. This may be explained by low species differentiation among the four species in plant traits relevant for resource acquisition in freshwater, or that other species interactions, e.g. allelopathy, were inhibiting overyielding. The existing knowledge on species complementarity in aquatic plant communities is sparse and inconclusive and calls for more research.

Nutrient availability and nutrient use efficiency in plants growing in the transition zone between land and water.

The transition zone between terrestrial and freshwater habitats is highly dynamic, with large variability in environmental characteristics. Here, we investigate how these characteristics influence the nutritional status and performance of plant life forms inhabiting this zone. Specifically, we hypothesised that: (i) tissue nutrient content differs among submerged, amphibious and terrestrial species, with higher content in submerged species; and (ii) PNUE gradually increases from submerged over amphibious to terrestrial species, reflecting differences in the availability of N and P relative to inorganic C across the land-water ecotone. We found that tissue nutrient content was generally higher in submerged species and C:N and C:P ratios indicated that content was limiting for growth for ca. 20% of plant individuals, particularly those belonging to amphibious and terrestrial species groups. As predicted, the PNUE increased from submerged over amphibious to terrestrial species. We suggest that this pattern reflects that amphibious and terrestrial species allocate proportionally more nutrients into processes of importance for photosynthesis at saturating CO2 availability, i.e. enzymes involved in substrate regeneration, compared to submerged species that are acclimated to lower availability of CO2 in the aquatic environment. Our results indicate that enhanced nutrient loading may affect relative abundance of the three species groups in the land-water ecotone of stream ecosystems. Thus, species of amphibious and terrestrial species groups are likely to benefit more from enhanced nutrient availability in terms of faster growth compared to aquatic species, and that this can be detrimental to aquatic species growing in the land-water ecotone, e.g. Ranunculus and Callitriche.