Association between oral frailty and Prevotella percentage in the oral microbiota of community-dwelling older adults who participated in the CHEER Iwamizawa project, Japan.

BACKGROUND: Prevotella bacteria are associated with inherent diseases of the oral cavity, such as periodontal disease, and systemic diseases. Oral frailty (OF) has been associated with nursing necessity and death. However, the relationship between OF and oral microbiota has not been fully clarified. OBJECTIVE: This cross-sectional study investigated the association between OF and Prevotella percentage in the oral microbiota of community-dwelling older adults. METHODS: Oral bacteria species from saliva were identified in 208 community-dwelling older individuals aged ≥60 years in Japan. The proportion of Prevotella in the oral microbiota was classified into three tertile groups, and its relationship with each test item for OF (number of remaining teeth, masticatory performance, oral diadochokinesis, tongue pressure, difficulties eating tough foods, difficulties swallowing tea or soup, number of applicable OF judgement items, and existence of OF) was examined using ordinal logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: The Prevotella proportions were classified into lower, middle and upper groups, comprising 70, 69 and 69 participants, respectively. The three groups showed a significant relationship between the number of remaining teeth (odds ratio [OR]: 0.946, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.915-0.977), masticatory performance (OR: 0.897, 95% CI: 0.844-0.953), number of applicable OF judgement items (OR: 1.477, 95% CI: 1.14-1.915), and existence of OF (OR: 4.194, 95% CI: 1.519-11.576). CONCLUSION: The proportion of Prevotella in oral microbiota was high in individuals with OF. Among the older adults, the type of oral microbiota and systemic diseases may be related to the examination and management of oral function decline.

COVID-19-related stress, exercise, and oral health-related quality of life among community-dwelling older adults who participated in the CHEER Iwamizawa project, Japan.

This study examined the association between coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-related stress, exercise habits, and oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) in a sample of 215 community-dwelling older adults in Japan (57 men, 158 women; Mage = 74.2 years, SD = 6.0). Data were collected during wellness checkups in October 2020 and included participants' demographic characteristics, measures of instrumental activities of daily living and depressive tendencies, number of teeth, oral hypofunction, OHRQoL, COVID-19-related stress, and exercise habits. Four mutually exclusive groups were created, using the presence or absence of COVID-19-related stress and lack of exercise habits as risk factors for poor OHRQoL (no COVID-19-related stress and no lack of exercise, COVID-19-related stress only, lack of exercise habits only, and both COVID-19-related stress and lack of exercise habits). Poisson regression with robust standard errors provided the prevalence ratio for poor OHRQoL. The presence of both COVID-19-related stress and lack of exercise habits (adjusted prevalence ratio: 2.20, 95% CI: 1.31- 3.69) was associated with poor OHRQoL. The results indicate that COVID-19-related stress and exercise habits should be considered when designing oral health and public health initiatives.

Oral frailty and carriage of oral Candida in community-dwelling older adults (Check-up to discover Health with Energy for senior Residents in Iwamizawa; CHEER Iwamizawa).

OBJECTIVE: To examine the association between oral frailty and oral Candida carriage as a general indicator of deteriorating oral function in older adults. BACKGROUND: Older adults exhibit an elevated risk of oral candidiasis caused by Candida. Although many studies have identified factors associated with oral Candida carriage, none have evaluated its relationship with oral function. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study included 210 community-dwelling older adults aged ≥60 years who participated in wellness checks. Fungal flora expression in saliva samples was evaluated to identify oral C. albicans and C. glabrata. Participants were categorised by detection of neither strain (group 1), either one of the strains (group 2), or both strains (group 3). The relationship between oral Candida carriage and oral frailty was evaluated by multinomial logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: The participants included 58 men and 152 women with a mean age of 74.2 ± 6.1 years. A total of 88 (41.9%), 94 (44.8%) and 28 (13.3%) participants were assigned to groups 1, 2 and 3 respectively. In the multinomial logistic regression analysis, significant associations were observed between group 1 and group 2 for "Have you choked on your tea or soup recently?" and the number of applicable oral frailty items. Between group 1 and group 3, significant associations were observed for the number of remaining teeth, masticatory performance and the number of applicable oral frailty items. CONCLUSION: We obtained basic data useful for intervention studies aimed at verifying whether oral function management prevents deterioration of the oral bacterial flora.

Vascular pathomechanism in acute encephalopathy with biphasic seizures and late reduced diffusion.

Acute encephalopathy with biphasic seizures and late reduced diffusion (AESD) is a childhood-onset encephalopathy, but the precise pathophysiology remains unclear. We encountered a child with Moyamoya syndrome and AESD. He exhibited left-predominant stenosis of the middle cerebral artery (MCA), and later developed broad lesions in the left hemisphere, raising the possibility that insufficient blood supply relates to formation of the lesions. To test the hypothesis, we investigated the relationship between MCA volume and lesion extent in seven AESD children without preexisting diseases. The MCA volume and lesion extent were quantified with time of flight images for construction of magnetic resonance angiography and apparent diffusion coefficient maps, respectively. Lateralization indices ([right - left]/[right + left]) of the MCA volume and lesion extent were calculated. We found that the lateralization indices were negatively correlated (r = -0.786, p = .036), that is, when the MCA volume was smaller in one side than the other side, the lesions were likely to develop more extensively in the ipsilateral side than the contralateral side. This indicates the association of insufficient blood supply with the lesions. The present study provides the first observation to suggest the involvement of vascular mechanism in AESD and has potential implications for novel therapeutic approach.

Diagnostic potential of stored dried blood spots for inborn errors of metabolism: a metabolic autopsy of medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency.

AIM: It is estimated that 1-5% of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) cases might be caused by undiagnosed inborn errors of metabolism (IEMs); however, the postmortem identification of IEMs remains difficult. This study aimed to evaluate the usefulness of dried blood spots (DBSs) stored after newborn screening tests as a metabolic autopsy to determine the causes of death in infants and children who died suddenly and unexpectedly. METHODS: Infants or toddlers who had suddenly died without a definite diagnosis between July 2008 and December 2012 at Kyushu University Hospital in Japan were enrolled in this study. Their Guthrie cards, which had been stored for several years at 4-8°C, were used for an acylcarnitine analysis by tandem mass spectrometry to identify inborn errors of metabolism. RESULTS: Fifteen infants and children who died at less than 2 years of age and for whom the cause of death was unknown were enrolled for the study. After correcting the C0 and C8 values assuming the hydrolysation of acylcarnitine in the stored DBSs, the corrected C8 value of one case just exceeded the cut-off level for medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (MCAD) deficiency screening. Genetic and biochemical analyses confirmed this patient to have MCAD deficiency. CONCLUSION: DBSs stored after newborn screening tests are a promising tool for metabolic autopsy. The appropriate compensation of acylcarnitine data and subsequent genetic and biochemical analyses are essential for the postmortem diagnosis of inborn errors of metabolism.

Predictive indicators for the development of epilepsy after acute encephalopathy with biphasic seizures and late reduced diffusion.

Acute encephalopathy with biphasic seizures and late reduced diffusion (AESD) is a newly defined clinicoradiologic syndrome characterized by biphasic seizures and altered consciousness followed by restricted diffusion in the white matter on magnetic resonance imaging in acute phase. Intractable epilepsy commonly occurs as the late complication. This study aimed to search predisposing factors to the development of epilepsy after AESD. Consecutively treated 22 patients with AESD in our institution from 2006 to 2016 were grouped into those with post-encephalopathic epilepsy (PEE, n = 10) or without PEE (n = 12). There was no difference between two groups in age at the onset of AESD, duration of the initial seizures, or the follow-up periods after discharge. PEE group patients more frequently showed coma or involuntary movements during the course of AESD than non-PEE group patients (36% vs. 8%, p = 0.008). The quantitative analysis of apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) map revealed that PEE group showed broader areas with reduced diffusion in the posterior lobes at the onsets of AESD than non-PEE group (0.113 vs. 0.013, p = 0.035). On the other hand, the atrophy on day 30-ADC map did not correlate with the development or control of epilepsy. These results suggest that the clinical severity and ADC profiles in acute phase, rather than the brain atrophy in convalescent phase, may predict the development of post-AESD epilepsy.

Infantile hypophosphatasia combined with vitamin B6-responsive seizures and reticular formation lesions on magnetic resonance imaging: A case report.

BACKGROUND: Hypophosphatasia (HPP) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by rachitic bone manifestations and a low serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) level. It is caused by mutations in the tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase (TNSALP) gene, which encodes the tissue non-specific isozyme of ALP. HPP patients exhibit various presentations depending on their age at onset, such as infantile HPP combined with vitamin B6-responsive seizures. CASE PRESENTATION: A newborn with infantile HPP presented with tonic convulsions from day 5 after birth and received intravenous vitamin B6 (10mg/kg/day pyridoxal phosphate). Eleven days later, frequent apneic episodes occurred, and head magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed bilateral reticular formation lesions in the brain stem, including the medulla oblongata. After the pyridoxal phosphate dose was increased (to 40mg/kg/day), the patient's seizures and apnea resolved, and her MRI findings also improved. Genetic testing revealed that she was homozygous for the 1559delT mutation of TNSALP. CONCLUSIONS: High-dose pyridoxal phosphate is a useful treatment for HPP-induced seizures and might improve reticular formation lesions.

Involuntary movements and coma as the prognostic marker for acute encephalopathy with biphasic seizures and late reduced diffusion.

Acute encephalopathy with biphasic seizures and late reduced diffusion (AESD) occurs in children associated with infection. It is characterized by a prolonged febrile seizure in the first phase, and a cluster of seizures, deterioration of consciousness and the white matter lesions with reduced diffusion in the second phase. The patients often have severe neurological sequelae, but the prognostic indicators remain unknown. The present study aimed to clarify the characteristics of AESD patients who subsequently exhibited severe neurological sequelae. We retrospectively analyzed the clinical and laboratory findings along with the brain imaging in patients who had severe (n=8) and non-severe neurodevelopmental outcomes (n=12). Severe group more frequently showed coma (p=0.014) or involuntary movements including dystonia and oral dyskinesia (p=0.018) before the second phase than non-severe group. Severe group exhibited higher levels of serum alanine aminotransferase than non-severe group (p=0.001). Quantitatively assessed MRI in the second phase revealed that severe group had more extensive lesions than non-severe group, in the anterior (p=0.015) and posterior parts (p=0.011) of the cerebrum and basal ganglia (p=0.020). Early appearing involuntary movements or coma might account for the extension of acute brain lesions and the poor neurological outcomes in AESD patients.

Stroke in a child safely treated with intravenous tissue plasminogen activator and edaravone, a free radical scavenger.

An 11-year-old female felt discomfort in her head, and left hemispheric syndrome occurred shortly thereafter. At presentation, her National Institutes of Health stroke scale (NIHSS) score was 13, and a magnetic resonance imaging scan revealed acute brain infarction in the left thalamus. She was immediately treated with the intravenous administration of tissue plasminogen activator (IV t-PA) followed by edaravone, a free radical scavenger. Two hours after IV t-PA, her symptoms dramatically resolved and her NIHSS score decreased to 5. No adverse events were observed. She was the youngest patient treated with IV t-PA in Japan, and would be the youngest treated in most developed countries. An optimal treatment for stroke in children has not been established, and this case highlights the urgent need to examine the safety and efficacy of IV t-PA and edaravone therapy for ischemic stroke in children.

Clinical and MRI characteristics of acute encephalopathy in congenital adrenal hyperplasia.

Acute encephalopathy in childhood is frequently associated with common infections, especially in East Asia. Various types have been identified although many cases remain unclassified. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is an autosomal recessive disease presenting impairment of cortisol biosynthesis. We report three CAH children with acute infection-related encephalopathy. They exhibited disturbed consciousness or seizures, which did not improve after glucocorticoid administration, accompanied by clinical and laboratory findings of adrenal insufficiency. Brain MRI disclosed various patterns of white matter lesions, suggesting different types of acute encephalopathy such as clinically mild encephalitis/encephalopathy with a reversible splenial lesion or hemiconvulsion-hemiplegia syndrome. Acute encephalopathy should be considered and brain MRI immediately performed when impairment of consciousness does not improve after intravenous glucocorticoid administration in CAH patients. Further research is required to elucidate the epidemiology and pathogenic mechanisms of acute encephalopathy in CAH.

Fulminant sepsis/meningitis due to Haemophilus influenzae in a protein C-deficient heterozygote treated with activated protein C therapy.

A 13-month-old Japanese female with Haemophilus influenzae type b meningitis presented with unusually severe septic shock and cerebral infarction in half a day of fever. The initial therapy of plasma-derived activated protein C (Anact C) led to an impressive effect on the aggressive condition. However, purpura fulminans and the consistent decline of plasma protein C activity (<20%) required prolonged activated protein C therapy and gene analysis. The patient carried a novel heterozygous mutation of PROC (exon 4; 335 GAC>TAC, Asp46Tyr). This is the first report of infectious purpura fulminans in a protein C-deficient heterozygote. The clinical onset and treatment course adequately corroborated the aggravated immune/hemostatic reactions and the cytoprotective effects of activated protein C replacement in human heterozygous protein C deficiency. The monitoring of plasma protein C activity and sufficient administration of activated protein C product could improve the outcome of severe sepsis in children.

Moyamoya disease associated with midaortic syndrome.

We report a 1-year-old girl who presented moyamoya disease associated with midaortic syndrome. She had been treated for cardiac failure and severe hypertension due to midaortic syndrome until she suffered seizure and repeated cerebral ischemic attack. Cerebral angiography revealed stenosis of the bilateral internal carotid artery at its terminal portion. She was successfully treated with encephaloduroarteriosynangiosis, and ischemic attack ceased postoperatively. This is the first report of moyamoya disease with midaortic syndrome. Although cerebral ischemic attack has been effectively managed by encephaloduroarteriosynangiosis, renovascular hypertension is still difficult to control.