Comparison of the effects of e-cigarette vapor and cigarette smoke on indoor air quality.

CONTEXT: Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) have earned considerable attention recently as an alternative to smoking tobacco, but uncertainties about their impact on health and indoor air quality have resulted in proposals for bans on indoor e-cigarette use. OBJECTIVE: To assess potential health impacts relating to the use of e-cigarettes, a series of studies were conducted using e-cigarettes and standard tobacco cigarettes. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Four different high nicotine e-liquids were vaporized in two sets of experiments by generic 2-piece e-cigarettes to collect emissions and assess indoor air concentrations of common tobacco smoke by products. Tobacco cigarette smoke tests were conducted for comparison. RESULTS: Comparisons of pollutant concentrations were made between e-cigarette vapor and tobacco smoke samples. Pollutants included VOCs, carbonyls, PAHs, nicotine, TSNAs, and glycols. From these results, risk analyses were conducted based on dilution into a 40 m³ room and standard toxicological data. Non-cancer risk analysis revealed "No Significant Risk" of harm to human health for vapor samples from e-liquids (A-D). In contrast, for tobacco smoke most findings markedly exceeded risk limits indicating a condition of "Significant Risk" of harm to human health. With regard to cancer risk analysis, no vapor sample from e-liquids A-D exceeded the risk limit for either children or adults. The tobacco smoke sample approached the risk limits for adult exposure. CONCLUSIONS: For all byproducts measured, electronic cigarettes produce very small exposures relative to tobacco cigarettes. The study indicates no apparent risk to human health from e-cigarette emissions based on the compounds analyzed.

[Effect of use of bone marrow cells in therapy for experimental tuberculosis].

The authors studied the efficiency of use of bone marrow cells in the treatment of experimental tuberculosis. Bone marrow cell transplantation to H37Rv tuberculosis-infected H37Rv mice was shown to prolong the life span in the animals as compared to untreated animals. Examination of humoral immunity indicated that administration of allogenic bone marrow cells resulted in the nonspecific polyisotypic stimulation of antituberculosis antibodies, which is essential in producing the protective humoral background. A more significant generation of IgG2a antibodies than that of IgG1 antibodies was also found in therapy with bone marrow cells, which pointed to the fact that there was a Th1 response that is obviously protective in tuberculosis. The high level of IgG2a antibodies correlated with the high specific cellular immune response estimated by the delayed hypersensitivity reaction.

[Kinetics of ligand binding to nucleic acids at random fillings].

Ligand binding with nucleic acids is described in frames of the theory of random processes. It is shown that the probabilistic description of binding of a ligand to nucleic acid allows one to describe not only the kinetics of changes in the number of bound ligands at arbitrary fillings but also to calculate stationary values of the number of bound ligands and its dispersion. A general analysis of absorption isotherms and the kinetics of ligand binding with nucleic acids allows one to determine the rate constants of formation and decomposition of the ligand-nucleic acid complex. A comparison of the results obtained with the case of low fillings is conducted.

[A comparison of different methods for quantum hemotherapy in treating complicated forms of acute cholecystitis in middle-aged and elderly patients]. / Sravnenie razlichnykh metodov kvantovoi gemoterapii pri lechenii oslozhnennykh form ostrogo kholetsistita u bol'nykh pozhilogo i starcheskogo vozrasta.

Quantum hemotherapy (QH) was used in complex treatment of elderly and senile patients operated upon for complicated forms of acute cholecystitis. Under examination there were 75 patients. Transfusion of UV irradiated donor plasma was found to be most effective of the QH methods used by us in the complex treatment of acute cholecystitis in elderly and senile patients.

[The use of taktivin in experimental apical periodontitis exacerbated by a secondary immunodeficiency state]. / Primenenie taktivina pri éksperimental'nom verkhushechnom periodontite, otiagoshchennym vtorichnym immunodefitsitnym sostoianiem.

Apical periodontitis was simulated in 100 white rats with secondary immunodeficiency induced by a single total x-ray irradiation with the RUM [correction of PYM]-17 device. Nonspecific resistance of the rat body was assessed from the neutrophilic phagocytic activity, serum bactericidal activity, lysozyme and complement levels. These parameters were found reduced in the experimental animals; x-ray examinations revealed changes round the dental root apices. Daily injections of tactivin for 10 days in a dose 2-5 mg/kg b.m. resulted in elevation of the nonspecific resistance parameters, and the x-ray picture in this group of animals was the same as in intact controls; therefore, tactivin normalized the immunity system status and indirectly improved the clinical course of apical periodontitis.

[Dynamics of lysozyme levels in the blood serum and milk of puerperae with various functional activities of the breasts]. / Dinamika urovnia lizotsima v syvorotke krovi i moloke rodil'nits s razlichnoi funktsional'noi aktivnost'iu molochnykh zhelez.

The morbidity rates, ++features of lactation formation, and serum and breast milk lysozyme levels were studied in 91 parturients who showed various breast functional activity in the early postpartum period. The highest frequency of postpartum ++pyo-septic diseases was found in females with hyperlactation. There was earlier appearance of foremilk and milk in these females. Healthy mothers with higher breast functional activity exhibited the greatest levels of lysozyme in the milk and marked decreases in its levels in the blood within the first 3 days as compared to those observed in females who had normal or insufficient quantities of milk.

[The use of ultraviolet-irradiated blood plasma in the treatment of pyelonephritis patients]. / Primenenie plazmy krovi, obluchennoi ul'trafioletom, v lechenii bol'nykh pielonefritom.

Transfusions of ultraviolet-irradiated plasma were carried out in 30 pyelonephritis patients. Subjective sense of improvement, and relief of fever and intoxication were noted. The administration of ultraviolet-irradiated plasma had a controlling effect on lipid peroxidation and blood cortisol, aldosterone and insulin levels, contributed to the normalization of corticosteroid catabolism and stimulated energy metabolism and the antioxidant system. Products of plasma photochemical reaction to ultraviolet irradiation have immunomodulating effects. Treatment of pyelonephritis patients by ultraviolet-irradiated plasma transfusions has shortened the time of hospital stay.

[Status of humoral defense mechanisms of the middle ear in young children with acute suppurative otitis media]. / Sostoianie gumoral'nykh zashchitnykh mekhanizmov srednego ukha pri ostrom gnoinom srednem otite u detei rannego vozrasta.

The concentration of lysozyme and immunoglobulins was measured in serum and middle ear secretion of young children suffering from acute suppurative otitis. It was found that the local synthesis of lysozyme increased. The high concentration of lysozyme and low concentration of immunoglobulins of all classes in the middle ear secretion of children aged up to three years can be associated with an immature local humoral immune response.

[Role of the sympathetic nervous system during reparative regeneration and compensation of heart function in experimental myocardial infarct]. / Rol' simpaticheskoi nervnoi sistemy v protsessakh reparativnoi regeneratsii i kompensatsii funktsii serdtsa pri éksperimental'nom infarkte miokarda.

Experiments on chemically sympathectomized rats have revealed a double effect of the sympathetic nervous system on compensation and adaptation of heart function and reparative regeneration in myocardial infarction. It has been established that if the sympathetic influences are excluded, the elements of the connective tissue are activated, which leads to myocardial infarction healing at a shorter period of time. At the same time it has been demonstrated that sympathectomy inhibits the development of the compensatory reactions and limits adaptation possibilities of the heart.

[Humoral nonspecific immunity in patients with post-burn cicatrical strictures of the esophagus]. / Gumoral'naia nespetsificheskaia zashchita u bol'nykh s posleozhogovoi rubtsovoi strikturoi pishchevoda.

The authors have studied the significance of factors of the humoral non-specific defense (HND) in 37 patients with cicatricial constrictions of the oesophagus and stomach. The data obtained were used for choosing the optimum terms for gastrostoma and oesophagoplasty. In 14 patients treatment with lysozyme was performed due to decreased indices of HND.