Unified, simple and decentralized treatment process for synthetic and real-time dye contaminated wastewaters.

The aim of this study is to develop a simple, economical and effective treatment scheme to treat effluents from small scale textile dyeing units and tanneries, which have been set up in rural areas. The physicochemical properties of real time effluents procured from these industries were analysed. The workflow required for treating these effluents were ascertained by preliminary tests carried out on synthetically created solutions. A novel treatment scheme for tannery and textile dye effluents sludge volume reduction by the use of sodium hypochlorite was identified. Effective methods for the safe disposal and recycling of all the by-products generated from different steps were discussed. The proposed scheme was successfully able to decolourize and detoxify both the tannery and textile dyeing effluent with over 90% removal of both COD and BOD. The impacts of the treatment scheme on 14 different effluent parameters were reported. The methodology developed in this study may be utilized to construct simple localized treatment units for handling effluents in isolated rural areas. This preliminary treatment at the source, will help in the reduction of the load on the local treatment plants and prevent their choking.

Preparation of black lyophilic ink using the carbon soot emitted by vehicles.

The carbon soot is formed as a consequence of incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons and organic matter. It causes respiratory diseases like lung cancer and asthma and contributes to 1.6 million premature deaths every year. The primary source of soot is the vehicular emissions which can be controlled using a simple device retrofitted to the silencer. In the present study, various additives were added to the collected soot, forming a homogenous adhering suspension which can be used as an ink. Tests proved that this ink is safe to use and it also complied with the standards of the Indian Government for fountain pen ink. The ink had excellent water-resistant properties as a result of its Rf (retention factor) value was found to be 0.0133. When compared with conventional black inks, the ink dries quickly, and on varying the temperature of the surroundings from - 30 to 50 °C, the ink remained in the writable viscosity range of 4.6 to 4.9 mPa s, thus making it universally malleable. The ink also proved to be UV resistant and neither exhibited feathering, show-through, bleeding nor shading. The ink is versatile; it can be used for a wide range of applications including writing, painting, and spraying.

Evaluating the expression of p16 and p27 in oral epithelial dysplasias and oral squamous cell carcinoma: A diagnostic marker for carcinogenesis.

OBJECTIVE: Immunohistochemical evaluation of the degree of expression of p16 and p27 in oral epithelial dysplasia and different histological grades oral squamous carcinoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study consisted of 5 cases of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), 5 cases of low-risk potentially malignant disorders (PMDs), 5 cases of high-risk PMDs and 5 cases of normal epithelium. Five micrometer thickness sections on a positively charged slide were subjected to immunohistochemical staining for the localization of p16 and p27. The expression of p16 and p27 was assessed in 10 random high-power fields (×40). Staining intensity was graded, and the data were subjected to statistical analysis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: OSCC and high-grade PMDs showed decreased intensity for both p16and P27. In our study, we concluded that p16 and p27 could be used as a diagnostic marker for predicting carcinogenesis in epithelial dysplasia.

Is aggressive gap arthroplasty essential in the management of temporomandibular joint ankylosis?-a prospective clinical study of 15 cases.

The purpose of this three-year, prospective, follow-up study was to evaluate whether aggressive gap arthroplasty is essential in the management of ankylosis of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). Fifteen patients were treated by the creation of a minimal gap of 5-8mm and insertion of an interpositional gap arthroplasty using the temporalis fascia. Eleven patients had unilateral coronoidectomy and 4 bilateral coronoidectomy based on Kaban's protocol. Preoperative assessment included recording of history, clinical and radiological examinations, personal variables, the aetiology of the ankylosis, the side affected, and any other relevant findings. Patients were assessed postoperatively by a surgeon unaware of the treatment given for a minimum of 3 years, which included measurement of the maximal incisal opening, presence of facial nerve paralysis, recurrence, and any other relevant findings. Of the 15 patients (17 joints), 12 had unilateral and three had bilateral involvement, with trauma being the most common cause. The patients were aged between 7 and 29 years (mean (SD) age 20 (8) years). Preoperative maximal incisal opening was 0-2mm in 8 cases and 2-9mm in 9. Postoperatively adequate mouth opening of 30-40mm was achieved in all cases, with no recurrence or relevant malocclusion during 3-year follow up. However, patients will be followed up for 10 years. Aggressive gap arthroplasty is not essential in the management of ankylosis of the TMJ. Minimal gap interpositional arthroplasty with complete removal of the mediolateral ankylotic mass is a feasible and effective method of preventing recurrence.