ABSTRACT
Drug induced adverse drug reactions is more common in long term therapy particularly in immune compromised patients. Most of the drugs causing dermatological reactions like skin rashes, pruritus, steven johnson syndrome and exfoliative dermatitis. Nevirapine is the first line drug for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection from the category of non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase enzyme inhibitor (NNRTI). In the present cases, we have reported the nevirapine induced severe exfoliative dermatitis. A patient admitted in the hospital with the symptoms of scaling on the skin and he received Nevirapine as a drug for his diagnosis of HIV for past three years. After clear examination exfoliative dermatitis was conformed and suspected with the cause due to Nevirapine. The drug was stopped and the patient was treated with drugs for symptomatic cure. The patient was recovered from his condition and other antiretroviral drugs were recommended for his treatment.
Subject(s)
Anti-HIV Agents/adverse effects , Dermatitis, Exfoliative/chemically induced , Drug Eruptions/etiology , HIV Infections/drug therapy , Nevirapine/adverse effects , Skin/drug effects , Adult , Dermatitis, Exfoliative/diagnosis , Dermatitis, Exfoliative/drug therapy , Dermatologic Agents/therapeutic use , Drug Eruptions/diagnosis , Drug Eruptions/drug therapy , Drug Substitution , HIV Infections/diagnosis , Humans , Male , Skin/pathology , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
To estimate the incidence of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) in Human immune deficiency virus (HIV) patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). To identify the risk factors associated with ADRs in HIV patients. To analyze reported ADRs based on various parameters like causality, severity, predictability, and preventability. Retrospective case-control study. An 18-month retrospective case-control study of 208 patients newly registered in ART center, RIMS hospital, Kadapa, were intensively monitored for ADRs to HAART. Predictability was calculated based on the history of previous exposure to drug. Multivariate logistic regressions were used to identify the risk factors for ADRs. Data were analyzed using the chi-square test for estimating the correlation between ADRs and different variables. All statistical calculations were performed using EpiInfo version 3.5.3. Monitoring of 208 retrospective patients by active Pharmacovigilance identified 105 ADRs that were identified in 71 patients. Skin rash and anemia were the most commonly observed ADRs. The organ system commonly affected by ADR was skin and appendages (31.57%). The ADRs that were moderate were 90.14% of cases. The incidence of ADRs (53.52%) was higher with Zidovudine + Lamivudine + Nevirapine combination. CD4 cell count less than <250 cells/µl were 80.28%, male gender were observed to be the risk factors for ADRs. Our study finding showed that there is a need of active pharmaceutical care with intensive monitoring for ADRs in Indian HIV-positive patients who are illiterate, of male and female gender, with CD4 count ≤250 cells/mm(3) with comorbid conditions.
ABSTRACT
The methanol extract of wax gourd, the fruits of Benincasa hispida cogn.(Cucurbitaceae) was found to show no inhibition against three gram positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Bacillus subtilis and three gram negative bacteria Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumonia by cup-plate method whereas antifungal studies showed significant inhibition against Candida albicans in the concentration of 30 mg/ml and there was no inhibition against Aspergillus niger.
