The Association of Endothelin-1 with Early and Long-Term Mortality in COVID-19.

(1) Background: Endothelial dysfunction is a key mechanism in the pathogenesis of COVID-19. High endothelin-1 during COVID-19 is associated with severe complications and increased mortality rates during hospitalization. This study is aimed to investigate the association of endothelin-1 levels with the risk of 30-day and 12-month all-cause mortality in patients with prior COVID-19. (2) Methods: A prospective study was conducted involving patients with COVID-19 in Karaganda, Kazakhstan. The level of endothelin-1 in the blood serum was evaluated by ELISA. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression was used to determine factors and significance of endothelin-1 associated with the risk of mortality within 30 and 365 days from hospitalization. (3) Results: The median endothelin-1 was higher in the group of patients who passed away within 30 days. The group showed statistically significant differences when compared to healthy volunteers from the control group (p = 0.0001), surviving patients (p = 0.001), and those who passed away within a year (p = 0.002). (4) Conclusions: Endothelin-1 levels are associated with increased mortality risk during the acute period of COVID-19, while plasma endothelin-1 level association with COVID-19 survivor mortality risk does not persist after 12 months.

Assessment of medical and losses due to socially significant diseases in the East Kazakhstan Region.

AIMS: The aim of the research was assessment of the medical and social losses due to socially significant diseases (malignant neoplasms and diseases of the circulatory system) in population living in the ecologically unfavorableregion of Kazakhstan (East Kazakhstan Region (EKR)). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The materials for the research were provided by the Department of Statistics, the Republican Center of Electronic Health Care and the Regional Oncology Center for 5 years depth (2011-2015 yy.). Statistical data of the entire population of the region was analyzed. Years of Life Lost (YLL), YLL due to death integral indicators were calculated according to the standardized methodology recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Significant premature loss of years due to socially significant diseases in the study region was observed in the research group of 45-69 years with a gender prevalence in male. The fraction of direct economic loss as a result ofhealth losses due to circulatory system diseases and malignant neoplasms averaged about 5% of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). The medical and social losses of years depend on a number of social and economic factorsin the region (environmental pollution, population income, centralized water supply and the fraction of economically active population).