ABSTRACT
Increasing bacterial resistance is strictly correlated to the increasing use of antibiotics, currently constituting a public health problem. The aim of this study was to describe the consumption of antibiotics in Asturias, an autonomous community in northwestern Spain, and compare the results obtained with data from elsewhere in Spain and other European countries. A descriptive study was carried out on the use of antibacterial drugs for systemic use, ATC code J01 in Asturias in 2011-2015. Data were obtained from the prescription-billing information system charged to the Health Service of Asturias. The consumption data are expressed in daily doses per 1,000 inhabitants and day (DHD), and number of packages per thousand inhabitants per day. The average weighted consumption of antibiotics for systemic use in the Asturian community was 26.23 daily doses per 1000 inhabitants per day (DHD) in 2015. This figure was higher than that of the EU/EEA population, which was 22.4 DHD, and that of the whole of Spain at 22.2 DHD. There is a wide variability in consumption among the different areas of the Asturian region. This variability is common to the rest of the country and Europe. It can be explained by the influence of the data used in the indicators and by the variability in medical practice. Priority should be given to homologating consumer-monitoring information systems and implementing national strategies aimed at providing more information to medical practitioners, encouraging the appropriate use of antibiotics so as to reduce variability, consumption and resistance.
Subject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Anti-Bacterial Agents/administration & dosage , Community Health Services/statistics & numerical data , Drug Prescriptions/statistics & numerical data , Drug Resistance, Bacterial , Drug Utilization Review/statistics & numerical data , Europe , Humans , Population Density , Practice Patterns, Physicians'/statistics & numerical data , Retrospective Studies , SpainSubject(s)
Education, Medical, Graduate/standards , Empathy , Teaching/education , Humans , Physician-Patient Relations , SpainSubject(s)
Humans , Teaching/education , Education, Medical, Graduate/standards , Empathy , Physician-Patient Relations , SpainABSTRACT
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Subject(s)
Humans , Child , Influenza, Human/drug therapy , Influenza, Human/epidemiology , Delivery of Health Care/standards , Absenteeism , Risk Groups , Influenza, Human/prevention & control , Influenza in Birds/prevention & control , Influenza Vaccines/administration & dosage , Influenza Vaccines/therapeutic useABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: breast milk, besides being a source of feeding for children, it can be a vehicle for transmission of some infectious diseases. AIM: to revise the main viral agents which can be acquired for children through breast milk and its possible clinical implication. MATERIAL: literature search was made in different databases and books. RESULTS: date on the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and 2, human T-lymphotropic virus, cytomegalovirus, hepatitis A, B and C virus, herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2, varicella zoster virus and other viruses are exposed in detail. CONCLUSIONS: the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and 2, human T-lymphotropic virus and cytomegalovirus in preterm newborns or low birth weight are the most frequent viruses that cause infection or illness in children as a result of its transmission through breast milk. For other viruses, such as varicella zoster, hepatitis A or hepatitis B, the immunoprophylaxis of the newborn, through the administration of immunoglobulin and vaccine, protect children against their transmission.
Introducción: la leche materna, además de ser una fuente de alimentación para los niños, puede ser un vehículo de transmisión de diversas enfermedades infecciosas. Objetivo: revisar los agentes virales que pueden ser adquiridos por el niño a través de la leche materna y su posible implicación clínica. MATERIAL: se han hecho búsquedas bibliográficas en diferentes bases de datos y libros. Resultados: se exponen datos relativos al virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana tipo 1 y tipo 2, virus linfotrópico humano de células T, citomegalovirus, virus de la hepatitis A, B y C, virus del herpes simple tipos 1 Y 2, virus de la varicela zóster y otros. Conclusiones: el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana, HTLV-1 y citomegalovirus en recién nacidos pretérmino o de bajo peso son los virus que más frecuentemente causan infección o enfermedad en el niño como consecuencia de su transmisión a través de la leche materna. Para otros virus, como el de la varicela-zóster, la hepatitis A o la hepatitis B, la inmunoprofilaxis del recién nacido, mediante la administración de inmunoglobulina y la vacuna correspondiente, protegen al lactante del riesgo de transmisión.
Subject(s)
Breast Feeding/adverse effects , Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical , Milk, Human/virology , Virus Diseases/transmission , Virus Diseases/virology , Female , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Virus Diseases/prevention & controlABSTRACT
Introducción: la leche materna, además de ser una fuente de alimentación para los niños, puede ser un vehículo de transmisión de diversas enfermedades infecciosas. Objetivo: revisar los agentes virales que pueden ser adquiridos por el niño a través de la leche materna y su posible implicación clínica. Material: se han hecho búsquedas bibliográficas en diferentes bases de datos y libros. Resultados: se exponen datos relativos al virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana tipo 1 y tipo 2, virus linfotró- pico humano de células T, citomegalovirus, virus de la hepatitis A, B y C, virus del herpes simple tipos 1 Y 2, virus de la varicela zóster y otros. Conclusiones: el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana, HTLV-1 y citomegalovirus en recién nacidos pretérmino o de bajo peso son los virus que más frecuentemente causan infección o enfermedad en el niño como consecuencia de su transmisión a través de la leche materna. Para otros virus, como el de la varicela-zóster, la hepatitis A o la hepatitis B, la inmunoprofilaxis del recién nacido, mediante la administración de inmunoglobulina y la vacuna correspondiente, protegen al lactante del riesgo de transmisión (AU)
Introduction: breast milk, besides being a source of feeding for children, it can be a vehicle for transmission of some infectious diseases. Aim: to revise the main viral agents which can be acquired for children through breast milk and its possible clinical implication. Material: literature search was made in different databases and books. Results: date on the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and 2, human T-lymphotropic virus, cytomegalovirus, hepatitis A, B and C virus, herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2, varicella zoster virus and other viruses are exposed in detail. Conclusions: the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and 2, human T-lymphotropic virus and cytomegalovirus in preterm newborns or low birth weight are the most frequent viruses that cause infection or illness in children as a result of its transmission through breast milk. For other viruses, such as varicella zoster, hepatitis A or hepatitis B, the immunoprophylaxis of the newborn, through the administration of immunoglobulin and vaccine, protect children against their transmission (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Milk, Human/microbiology , Virus Diseases/transmission , Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical/prevention & control , HIV Infections/transmission , Deltaretrovirus Infections/transmission , Cytomegalovirus Infections/transmission , Hepatitis, Viral, Human/transmission , Herpesviridae Infections/transmissionABSTRACT
No disponible
