Urethral meatus edema with peno-scrotal edema in a patient with transfusion-dependent beta-thalassemia major.

Urethral meatus edema is a rare finding and may infer a more severe form of volume overload. Management of patients with thalassemia vary in terms of the severity of the kidney injury due to transfusion, chronicity, and severity of volume overload.

Epidemiology and composition of nephrolithiasis in a Lebanese tertiary care center: A descriptive study.

Introduction: Nephrolithiasis is a common affliction with a prevalence of 12% in men and 7% in women. The incidence rate diverges with geographic location. Arab countries report high nephrolithiasis prevalence rates, with Saudi Arabia being the highest (20.1%). To date, there is little knowledge about the demographics and composition of stones in Lebanon. Methods: A retrospective chart review was performed on stone composition at the American University of Beirut Medical Center, between 2005 and 2018. Patients' demographics and stone characteristics were obtained from electronic medical records. Analysis of frequencies and Chi-square test were adopted for potential risk factor correlations by the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). Results: A total of 626 stone analyses were performed. Male patients predominated (69%). The mean age was 46.58 ± 16.5 years, and mean body mass index was 28.63 ± 5.6, for both sexes. Calcium oxalate was the most predominant stone in both sexes (70%). Uric acid stones followed (~16%), and calcium oxalate phosphate stones were the third most common (5%). Incidence of kidney stones peaks in the summer, with 11.86% presenting in July. Around 60% presented with flank pain to the Emergency Department, and 32% ended up with spontaneous passage of stones by medical expulsive therapies alone, with no further surgical intervention. Diabetes and hypertension were significantly correlated with stone recurrence in our cohort. Conclusion: There is a significant gender disparity in stone prevalence in Lebanon. Calcium oxalate is the most common type in both sexes. Future investigations of dietary and environmental factors are recommended from our region.

Prevalence of Y-chromosomal microdeletions and karyotype abnormalities in a cohort of Lebanese infertile men.

BACKGROUND: Male infertility is the main issue that accounts for 50% of infertility in couples. There are about 25% of men suffering from nonobstructive infertility with chromosomal abnormalities and/or microdeletions of the long arm of the Y-chromosome. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective chart review was performed on 241 men who performed Y-chromosome microdeletions and karyotype testing. RESULTS: Six patients had microdeletions. Three patients had AZFc microdeletion, of which one had both AZFc/d microdeletions. Three patients had AZFb/c microdeletion. There was no AZFa microdeletion. One out of the six patients had abnormal karyotype (mos, X[17]/46, XY[13]). Four patients were azoospermic, two had severe oligospermia, with sperm count <5 million/ml, and two patients had small size testicles on ultrasound. All were advised microsurgical testicular sperm extraction. Three were done, and one was successful resulting in sperm retrieval. The most common karyotype abnormalities were 47, XXY (Klinefelter syndrome) in 27% of cases. CONCLUSION: Laboratory genetic testing is advised for males with nonobstructive infertility. Any abnormal finding can yield substantial consequences to assisted reproductive techniques or fertility treatment. It can offer a stable diagnosis for those with infertility issues. It is important to conduct counseling and routine genetic testing before assisted reproductive techniques.

Phase I Clinical Trial of Everolimus Combined with Trimodality Therapy in Patients with Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer.

Background: Local control following trimodality therapy (TMT) for muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) requires further optimization. Objective: Evaluating the biologic endpoint, feasibility, and toxicity of integrating everolimus to TMT in patients with MIBC. Methods: This was a phase I trial in patients with MIBC who were not surgical candidates or who refused cystectomy. Following maximal transurethral tumor resection, patients were treated by radiotherapy (50 Gy/20 fractions), gemcitabine (100 mg/m2/weekly) and escalating doses of everolimus (2.5-5.0 mg/day). Everolimus was given daily for one month prior to radiation, during treatment, and one month post-radiation. Toxicity assessment followed the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group Acute Radiation Morbidity Scoring Criteria. Biologic endpoint with downregulation of phospho-S6 (pS6) was assessed using immunohistochemistry. Local response was evaluated with imaging and bladder biopsy post-therapy. Results: 10 patients were recruited; 8 males, 2 females. Median age was 78 years (range: 63-85). Four patients entered everolimus 2.5 mg cohort. Six other patients entered everolimus 5.0 mg cohort. Toxicities were encountered in 2 patients (Grade I), 6 patients (Grade II), 9 patients (Grade III) and 1 patient (Grade IV), with some experiencing more than one toxicity. Most Grade III and IV toxicities were encountered from everolimus alone prior to combination testing. Trial was terminated early due to toxicity. Interestingly, 6/10 patients (60%) achieved a complete response with negative post-treatment biopsies. Significant decrease of pS6 was demonstrated post-therapy (p = 0.03). Conclusions: Although combining everolimus with TMT achieved a biological endpoint and complete response in a significant number of patients with MIBC and negative prognostic factors, it was associated with unacceptable increased toxicity.

Overview of Dietary Supplements in Prostate Cancer.

Prostate cancer is a key health concern for men with its etiology still under investigation. Recently, the role of dietary supplements has been noted to have a major inhibitory effect on prostate cancer and numerous studies have been conducted in this regard. This review provides a summary on numerous recent studies conducted in this field. Some of the studies reviewed revealed a protective role for supplements, and others showed no correlation while some even had an adverse effect. The mechanism of how these supplements act on the prostate is still not clear. Further studies are warranted especially for supplements that have been shown to have a potential inhibitory role in prostate cancer.

Cocaine Use in the Infertile Male Population: A Marker for Conditions Resulting in Subfertility.

INTRODUCTION: We sought to evaluate the incidence and effect of cocaine use in the infertile male population. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Men presenting for fertility evaluation reporting cocaine usage were identified via prospectively collected database. Data were analyzed for usage patterns, reproductive history, associated drug use and medical conditions, hormonal and semen parameters. RESULTS: Thirty-eight out of 4,400 (0.9%) men reported cocaine use. Most used cocaine every 3 months or less. Compared with non-cocaine using men, cocaine users reported more recreational drug use (89 vs. 9.2%), marijuana use (78.9 vs. 11.4%), chlamydia (10.5 vs. 3%), herpes (7.9 vs. 2.5%), and tobacco use (55.3 vs. 19.5%). After excluding men with causes for azoospermia, the mean semen parameters for cocaine users were: volume 2.47 ± 1.02 ml; concentration 53.55 ± 84.04 × 10(6)/ml; motility 15.72 ± 12.26%; total motile sperm count 76.67 ± 180.30 × 10(6). CONCLUSIONS: Few (< 1%) men in our infertile population reported the use of cocaine, and the frequency of use was low. Given the low use rates and limitations of reporting bias, it is difficult to determine the direct effect of cocaine use on male fertility. However, while infrequent cocaine use seems to have limited impact on semen parameters, men reporting cocaine use represent a different cohort of men than the overall infertile population, with higher rates of concurrent substance abuse, tobacco use and infections, all of which may negatively impact their fertility. Reported cocaine users should be screened for concurrent drug use and infections.

Are Canadian urology residency programs fulfilling the Royal College expectations?: A survey of graduated chief residents.

INTRODUCTION: We assess outgoing Canadian urology chief residents' well-being, their satisfaction with their surgical training, and their proficiency in surgical procedures throughout their residency program. METHODS: In 2012 an anonymous survey was sent by email to all 29 graduated urology chief residents across Canada. The survey included a list of all urologic surgical procedures listed by the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada (RCPSC). According to the A/B/C classification used to assess competence in these procedures (A most competent, C least competent), we asked chief residents to self-classify their competence with regards to each procedure and we compared the final results to the current RCPSC classification. RESULTS: The overall response rate among chief residents surveyed was 97%. An overwhelming majority (96.4%) of residents agreed that the residency program has affected their overall well-being, as well as their relationships with their families and/or partners (67.8%). Overall, 85.7% agreed that research was an integral part of the residency program and 78.6% have enrolled in a fellowship program post-graduation. Respondents believed that they have received the least adequate training in robotic surgery (89.3%), followed by female urology (67.8%), andrology/sexual medicine/infertility (67.8%), and reconstructive urology (61.4%). Interestingly, in several of the 42 surgical procedures classified as category A by the RCPSC, a significant percentage of residents felt that their proficiency was not category A, including repair of urinary fistulae (82.1%), pediatric indirect hernia repair and meatal repair for glanular hypospadias (67.9%), open pyeloplasty (64.3%), anterior pelvic exenteration (61.6%), open varicocelectomy (60.7%) and radical cystoprostatectomy (33.3%). Furthermore, all respondents (100%) believed they were deficient in at least 1 of the 42 category A procedures, while 53.6 % believed they were deficient in at least 10 of the 42 procedures. CONCLUSIONS: Most residents agree that their residency program has affected their overall well-being as well as their relationships with their families and/or partners. There is also a clear deficiency in what outgoing residents perceive they have achieved and what the RCPSC mandates. Future work should concentrate on addressing this discrepancy to assure that training and RCPSC expectations are better aligned.

Contemporary cost-effectiveness analysis comparing sequential bacillus Calmette-Guerin and electromotive mitomycin versus bacillus Calmette-Guerin alone for patients with high-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer.

BACKGROUND: Sequential bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) and electromotive mitomycin (sequential therapy) have been shown in a randomized prospective trial to be superior to therapy with BCG alone in patients with high-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. The objective of the current study was to compare the costs and benefits of these 2 treatment strategies by performing a 5-year and 10-year cost-effectiveness study. METHODS: A Markov model was developed to estimate the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio over a 5-year and 10-year period. Estimates of disease progression, death, and treatment efficacy were obtained from what to the authors' knowledge is the only randomized trial comparing the 2 therapies. Costs included: 1) medical costs (physician fees); 2) drug costs (preparation and instillation); and 3) hospital costs (procedure fees, admission fees, and tests and procedures done during surveillance). Patients were allowed a second course of induction therapy. RESULTS: Sequential therapy was found to be associated with a higher initial material cost for induction and maintenance. The average effectiveness for the patients treated with therapy with BCG alone was 4.39 years with a mean cost of $9236 (95% confidence interval, $9118-$9345) per patient. The sequential group resulted in an average effectiveness of 4.65 years, with a mean cost of $16,468 (95% confidence interval, $16,371-$16,527). The 5-year incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of sequential versus BCG-alone therapy was $27,815 per life-year gained. The corresponding figure over a 10-year period was $8618 per life-year gained. CONCLUSIONS: The results of the current study suggest that sequential therapy is a cost-effective treatment for patients with high-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer.

Effect of body mass index on the outcomes of patients with upper and lower urinary tract cancers treated by radical surgery: results from a Canadian multicenter collaboration.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of body mass index (BMI) on the outcomes of patients with urinary tract carcinoma treated with radical surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data were collected from 10 Canadian centers on patients who underwent radical cystectomy (RC) (1998-2008) or radical nephroureterectomy (RNU) (1990-2010). Various parameters among subsets of patients (BMI < 25, 25 ≤ BMI < 30, and BMI ≥ 30 kg/m(2)) were analyzed. Kaplan-Meier and multivariate analyses were performed to assess the effect of BMI on overall survival, disease-specific survival, and recurrence-free survival (RFS). RESULTS: Among the 847 RC and 664 RNU patients, there was no difference in histology, stage, grade, and margin status among the 3 patient subsets undergoing either surgery. However, RC patients with lower BMIs (< 25 kg/m(2)) were significantly older (P = 0.004), had more nodal metastasis (P = 0.03), and trended toward higher stage (P = 0.052). RNU patients with lower BMIs (< 25 kg/m(2)) were significantly older (P = 0.0004) and fewer received adjuvant chemotherapy (P = 0.04) compared with those with BMI ≥ 30 kg/m(2); however, there was no difference in tumor location (P = 0.20), stage (P = 0.48), and management of distal ureter among the groups (P = 0.30). On multivariate analysis, BMI was not prognostic for overall survival, disease-specific survival, and RFS in the RC group. However, BMI ≥ 30 kg/m(2) was associated with more bladder cancer recurrences and worse RFS in the RNU group (HR = 1.588; 95% CI: 1.148-2.196; P = 0.0052). CONCLUSIONS: Increased BMI did not influence survival among RC patients. BMI ≥ 30 kg/m(2) is associated with worse bladder cancer recurrences among RNU patients; whether this is related to difficulty in obtaining adequate bladder cuff in patients with obesity requires further evaluation.

Infectious, inflammatory, and immunologic conditions resulting in male infertility.

This article provides an overview of infectious and inflammatory conditions associated with male infertility. These conditions may affect several components of the male reproductive tract and therefore have the ability to potentially alter sperm function. The effect of these conditions on male fertility is poorly understood and often underestimated.

Regional differences in practice patterns and outcomes in patients treated with radical cystectomy in a universal healthcare system.

INTRODUCTION: Our objective is to assess differences in practice patterns and outcomes across 3 regions in bladder cancer patients treated with radical cystectomy under a universal healthcare system. METHODS: In total, we included 2287 patients treated with radical cystectomy at 8 Canadian centres from 1998 to 2008. Variables included various clinico-pathologic parameters, recurrence, and death stratified into different regions. RESULTS: In total, 1105 patients were from the east region (group 1), 601 from the centre region (group 2), and 581 from the west region of Canada (group 3). The median follow-up of groups 1, 2, and 3 was 22.1, 17.1, and 28.6 months, respectively. Although the overall rate of neoadjuvant chemotherapy was low (3.1%), rates were higher in group 2 compared with groups 1 and 3 (p = 0.07). Continent diversions and extended lymphadenectomy were performed in 23.5%, 8.5%, 23.9% and 39.7%, 27.7%, 12.6% across groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively. There were statistically significant differences in gender distribution, performance of lymphadenectomy, presence of concomitant carcinoma in situ and lymphovascular invasion across the 3 groups. There were no differences among the 3 geographical locations in terms of stage, surgical margin status, and use of adjuvant chemotherapy. The mean number of days from the transurethral resection of the bladder tumour to cystectomy was 50, 79, 69 days for groups 1, 2, 3, respectively (p = 0.0006). The 5-year overall survival was 53.6%, 66.8%, and 52.4% for groups 1, 2 and 3, respectively (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Significant variations in practice patterns were noted across different geographic regions in a universal healthcare system. Use of continent diversions, extended lymphadenectomy, and neoadjuvant chemotherapy remains low across all 3 regions. Treatment delays are significant.

Human resource assessment of academic urology across Canada: What are the future job prospects?

INTRODUCTION: Our objective was to capture an overview of anticipated staffing needs at Canadian urology academic centres over the next 5 years to help guide and counsel urology residents in their respective programs. METHODS: A 30-question survey was sent by email to all chairmen of academic urology divisions/departments during fall 2012. The first part of the survey solicited basic demographic information regarding number of residents, number of fellows and fellowships, and number of attending staff and affiliated hospitals. The second part of the survey included detailed questions on the number and sub-specialty of urologists needed at each respective institution, as well as the appropriate year of recruitment. RESULTS: The response rate was 100%. There are 13 urology training programs across Canada located in 6 out of the 10 provinces. Robotic surgery is available at 9 out of the 13 centres. A total of 68 urologists need to be recruited by academic institutions throughout Canada within the next 5 years. The greatest need is for general urologists, with a total of 13 required. This is followed by 12 urologic oncologists needed, 11 female urology, 7 reconstructive urologists, 6 pediatric urologists, 6 endourologists, 5 transplant surgeons, 4 infertility/andrology, and 4 experts in advanced laparoscopy/robotics. There was no need for any urologic trauma surgeons in any academic institution surveyed. CONCLUSIONS: A total of 68 urologists need to be recruited into academic urology across Canada within the next 5 years. This crucial information can be used to help guide urology residents in choosing the most appropriate fellowship, in addition to providing them with an overview of future job prospects at academic institutions throughout the country.

Urinary diversions: advantages and disadvantages of the major types of diversions.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: There is an ongoing debate concerning the optimal choice of urinary diversion following bladder extirpative surgery. Among others, several factors including patient preferences, age, sex and baseline renal function play an important role in the ultimate decision. This review describes the major types of urinary diversions performed, outlining the advantages and disadvantages of each. RECENT FINDINGS: There continues to be an underutilization of continent diversions despite their recent popularization. However, recent evidence suggests their increased use, particularly at academic centers. Patient factors and surgeon preference finally dictate the choice of diversion. It is still unclear whether outcomes are superior with one type of diversion over another. SUMMARY: Various types of diversions continue to be performed throughout the world following radical cystectomy. Future prospective randomized trials comparing different diversions can help counsel patients. Regardless of type of diversion, patients will require life-long postoperative care.

Demographic analysis of randomized controlled trials in bladder cancer.

UNLABELLED: WHAT'S KNOWN ON THE SUBJECT? AND WHAT DOES THE STUDY ADD?: Results from well designed randomized controlled trials usually provide the strongest evidence possible in favour of one medical intervention over another. For this reason, it is of paramount importance to conduct such trials in bladder cancer, where randomized trials are lacking, in particular to answer questions that have so far confounded us or to investigate the efficacy of new diagnostic tools or interventions. This study provides a demographic analysis of randomized controlled trials published in bladder cancer between the years of 1995 and 2010, with only 238 articles identified. Less than one-third of these reported a statistical power calculation, and only 8% were double-blinded. With many publications inaccurately labelled as randomized trials, we reveal the scarcity of trials performed over the given time period, even compared with other cancers with similar incidence, and highlight the need for more well designed trials to be conducted. OBJECTIVE: To demographically examine randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that have been conducted in bladder cancer over a predefined time period. METHODS: Various techniques have been described to detect RCTs using different databases. We searched the MEDLINE database by crossing the heading 'Urinary bladder neoplasms' with the MeSHs 'Clinical trial$.mp. OR clinical trial.pt. OR random:.mp. OR tu.xs.' between 1995 and 2010. For the RCTs identified, analysis was performed on each RCT, placing particular emphasis on modality of intervention, cohort size, principal author, region, journal type, disease status, histology, blinding, number of centres involved, performance of a statistical power calculation, accrual status and trial support. RESULTS: Of 5002 RCT bladder cancer papers retrieved over the given period, only 238 represented actual RCTs after manual appraisal. More than half of the RCTs investigated medical and surgical therapies (54.2%), and only half had a sample size of >100 patients. A small percentage of studies were double-blinded (8.0%), and there was an almost equal distribution of multicentre vs single centre trials (54.6% vs 45.4%). More studies were conducted in Europe (61.3%) than the rest of the world combined, with urologists principally the lead investigators in the majority (72.3%). Most studies were conducted on patients with urothelial carcinoma (97.1%), with less than one-third reporting a statistical power calculation (31.5%). CONCLUSIONS: Only 238 RCTs were published for bladder cancer between 1995 and 2010. RCTs are under-utilized in bladder cancer. More trials need to be designed with larger sample sizes in order to optimize diagnostic and treatment strategies for patients with bladder cancer.

Does transperitoneal minimally invasive radical prostatectomy increase the amount of small bowel receiving salvage radiation?

INTRODUCTION: Transperitoneal minimally invasive radical prostatectomy (MIRP) has become first choice for several urologists and patients dealing with localized prostate cancer. We evaluate the effect of postoperative radiation on the small bowel in patients who underwent extraperitoneal open versus transperitoneal MIRP. METHODS: We reviewed all patients who received postoperative radiation from 2006 to 2010. Planning target volume (PTV) and surrounding organs, including the small bowel, were delineated. The presence of the small bowel in PTV and its volume in receiving each dose level were analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 122 patients were included: 26 underwent MIRP and 96 underwent open prostatectomy. The median age of patients was 66 years, with median body mass index 27 kg/m(2). The total PTV dose was 66 Gy, with the minimum and maximum doses received by the small bowel 0.4 and 66.4 Gy, respectively. The maximum volume of small bowel that received the safe limit of 40 Gy was 569 cm(3). Of the 26 patients who underwent MIRP, 12 (46%) had small bowel identified inside the PTV compared to 57 (59%) among patients who underwent open prostatectomy (p = 0.228). The mean volume of the small bowel receiving 40 Gy was 26 and 67 cm(3) in open and MIRP groups, respectively (p = 0.006); the incidence of acute complications was the same in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: Higher volumes of the small bowel are subjected to significant radiation after MIRP procedures compared to open procedures; however, we could not demonstrate any impact on acute complications. Whether there is a difference in late complications remains to be evaluated.

Efficacy of instillations with chemotherapy or immunotherapy following endoscopic resection for upper tract urothelial carcinoma.

Although nephroureterectomy with a bladder cuff remains the gold-standard approach to upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC), the relative ease by which local control can be achieved for non-muscle-invasive bladder urothelial carcinoma keeps prompting us to look into less radical and invasive methods of treating UTUC. The success of transurethral bladder tumor resection followed by intravesical therapy in controlling noninvasive bladder cancer has been firmly established. However, owing to the scarcity of patients with UTUC, there are only a few reports on the efficacy of percutaneous or endoscopic resection followed by instillation with chemotherapy or immunotherapy for UTUC, most of which have extrapolated data from bladder cancer in deciding on treatment regimens. The following manuscript portrays a comprehensive review of the literature on upper tract instillations in patients with UTUC.

Evaluation of right versus left laparoscopic donor nephrectomy.

OBJECTIVES: With the advent of laparoscopic donor nephrectomy, there has been a general underuse of right laparoscopic donor nephrectomy versus left because of concerns regarding higher complication rates and poorer outcomes. We performed a retrospective analysis of our laparoscopic donor nephrectomy series with an emphasis on the side of the kidney retrieved and the outcomes of donors and recipients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data on 94 consecutive donor-recipient pairs (188 patients) were reviewed. All donor nephrectomies were performed by pure laparoscopy. There were 74 left laparoscopic donor nephrectomies and 20 right laparoscopic donor nephrectomies. Intraoperative parameters and graft outcome were recorded and the data were analyzed to compare right laparoscopic donor nephrectomy versus left laparoscopic donor nephrectomy using a computer software system. Follow-up ranged from 1 to 6 years (mean, 3.4 y). RESULTS: There were no significant differences in any intraoperative or postoperative parameters, except in a slightly higher warm ischemia time in right laparoscopic donor nephrectomy versus left laparoscopic donor nephrectomy, but this did not translate into an adverse effect on renal recovery. Acute graft rejection was observed in 2 of 74 patients who had a left laparoscopic donor nephrectomy (2.7%) and none of the patients who had a right laparoscopic donor nephrectomy. Chronic graft loss was observed in 2 of 74 patients who had a left laparoscopic donor nephrectomy (2.7%); 1 of recurrent pyelonephritis and sepsis and 1 renal oxalosis. No graft losses were observed in any patient who had a right laparoscopic donor nephrectomy. Mean serum creatinine levels in recipients at 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months were equivalent for right laparoscopic donor nephrectomy versus left laparoscopic donor nephrectomy; they were 120, 110, 110, 110, 110 µmol/L, versus 110, 110, 110, 110, 110 µmol/L. (1.35, 1.21, 1.24, 1.21, 1.26 mg/dL versus 1.22, 1.17, 1.17, 1.17, 1.23 mg/dL). CONCLUSIONS: This single center study demonstrates equivalent results with left laparoscopic donor nephrectomy and right laparoscopic donor nephrectomy with no adverse effects of right laparoscopic donor nephrectomy on donor-recipient outcome or renal function.