Organizational empowerment: A framework examining historical and systemic domains in school settings.

Organizational empowerment (OE) is a key construct in community psychology. We build on current understandings of OE by exploring history and systemic relationships as important aspects of OE. We conducted interviews with 20 school leaders from 16 schools that went through a district-wide transition of students with disabilities into general education schools and asked these leaders about their preparation and service provision during this transition. We utilized a grounded theory approach to analyze the data, and two domains of OE emerged: historical and systemic, each with multiple dimensions. The historical domain refers to schools' functioning before the transition, and the systemic domain reflects interactions between schools and the School District Office for Students with Disabilities during the transition. We provide a nuanced understanding of these domains of organizational empowerment and their interaction, as well as implications for empowerment theory and practice.

Partnerships between universities and nonprofit transition coaching organizations to increase student success.

AIMS: This study aims to understand the motivations and benefits for universities and nonprofit college access and success organizations to develop formal partnerships. METHODS: Participants in this study were staff from a major urban research university (n = 22) and four nonprofit organizations (n = 17) that promote college access and success among underrepresented, low-income, and first-generation college students. Participants engaged in an audio-recorded interview that was transcribed and analyzed using thematic analysis. RESULTS: Data suggested that staff from the universities and nonprofit organizations were both holistic in their understanding of college student success. In addition, they were both motivated to form partnerships in an effort to reduce barriers to success, although they, at times, identified different barriers that they wanted the partnership to address. Both university and nonprofit staff saw increased effectiveness of their practice as a result of partnering and university staff gained a better understanding of the greater nonprofit college access and success community. CONCLUSION: Given the intense support that nonprofit organizations are able to provide with their level of funding, partnerships with universities can increase the success of underrepresented, low-income, and first-generation college students.

Developing and testing the College Student Empowerment Scales for Racial/Ethnic Minorities.

Empowerment is defined as a process by which marginalized groups gain mastery over issues of concern to them. One such population is racial and ethnic minority college students. These students experience academic disparities while simultaneously relying on higher education to facilitate more equitable social outcomes for themselves and ultimately to strengthen U.S. society for all. Nonetheless, nearly four decades after Rappaport's introduction of the empowerment construct, we still have no core constructs or measure of them for understanding and assessing the empowerment of underrepresented students on college campuses. As an initial step to understand and evaluate empowerment for this important population, this study drew from previous qualitative research to create and field-test a quantitative measure with racial/ethnic minority college students. Exploratory factor analyses in independent samples identified 4 factors of empowerment: Self-Efficacy/Control, University Environment, Financial Confidence, and Student Racial/Ethnic Identity. Confirmatory factor analyses illustrated relationships between factors. Findings revealed that the measure, the College Student Empowerment Scales for Racial/Ethnic Minorities (CSES), is valid and reliable. Results emphasize internalized influences on psychological empowerment through an individual's identity within empowering university and societal contexts. Future directions are discussed, including research using this measure and opportunities for intervention in universities.

Empowered and disempowered voices of low-income people with disabilities on the initiation of government-funded, managed health care

The health and healthcare of vulnerable populations is an international concern. In 2011, a Midwestern state within the U.S. mandatorily transitioned 38,000 Medicaid recipients from a fee-for-service system into a managed care program in which managed care companies were contracted to provide recipients’ healthcare for a capitated rate. In addition to cost savings through reductions in preventable and unnecessary hospital admissions, the goals of the managed care program (MCP) included: (1) access to a more functional support system, which can support high and medium risk users in the development of care plans and coordination of care, and (2) choice among competent providers. The population transitioned was a high-need, high-cost, low-income, and low-power group of individuals. The evaluation research team used focus groups as one of many strategies to understand the experience of users during the first two years of this complex change effort. The article explores empowerment in terms of users and their family caregivers’ ability to make meaningful choices and access resources with regard to their healthcare. Specifically, factors empowering and disempowering users were identified within three thematic areas: (1) enrollment experiences, (2) access to care and (3) communication with managed care organizations and providers. While the change was not optional for users, a disempowering feature, there remained opportunities for other empowering and disempowering processes and outcomes through the transition and new managed care program. The results are from 74 participants: 65 users and 9 family caregivers in 11 focus groups and six interviews across two waves of data collection. MCP users felt disempowered by an initial lack of providers, difficulty with transportation to appointments, and challenges obtaining adequate medication. They felt empowered by having a choice of providers, good quality of transportation services and clear communication from providers and managed care organizations. Recommendations for increasing prospects for the empowerment of healthcare users with disabilities within a managed care environment are presented

La salud y su atención en poblaciones vulnerables preocupa internacionalmente. Un Estado del medio-oes te estadounidense en 2011 traspasó obligatoriamente a 38.000 receptores de Medicaid de un sistema de pago por servicio a un programa de asistencia gestionada en el que se contrataba a empresas de asistencia gestionada para la prestación de asistencia sanitaria a los usuarios por una cuota por persona. Además de los ahorros por la disminución de admisiones hospitalarias evitables e innecesarias, los objetivos del pro grama gestionado de asistencia incluían: (1) el acceso a un sistema de apoyo más funcional para usuarios de un riesgo elevado y medio en el desarrollo de planes de asistencia y coordinación de la misma y (2) la elección entre proveedores competentes. La población a la que afecta este traspaso era un grupo de personas muy necesitadas, que entrañaban costes elevados, con un nivel bajo de ingresos y de poder. El equipo investigador de evaluación utilizó grupos de discusión como una de las muchas estrategias para entender la experiencia de los usuarios durante los dos primeros años de este esfuerzo complejo de cambio. El artículo explora el "empowerment" en cuanto a los usuarios y a la capacidad de quienes prestan asistencia a su familia de tomar las decisiones oportunas y acceder a los recursos relativos la prestación de asistencia sanitaria.En concreto, los factores que reforzarían o debilitarían a los usuarios pueden pertenecer a tres áreastemáticas: (1) experiencias de enrolamiento, (2) acceso a la asistencia y (3) la comunicación con las organizacionescon quienes proporcionan asistencia sanitaria gestionada. A pesar de que el cambio no era optativopara los usuarios, un aspecto negativo, aún quedaba margen para otros procesos de capacitación, incapacitación y resultados gracias a la transición y al nuevo programa gestionado de asistencia. Se dispone de resultadosde 74 participantes, 65 usuarios y 9 personas que prestan asistencia a la familia en 11 grupos dediscusión, con 6 entrevistas en dos tandas de recogida de datos. Los usuarios del programa gestionado deasistencia sintieron desvalimiento por la falta inicial de proveedores, los problemas de transporte a las citasy para conseguir la medicación adecuada. En cambio se sintieron reforzados por el hecho de tener unagama de proveedores, una buena calidad de servicios de transporte y comunicación clara por parte de los proveedores y de las organizaciones de asistencia gestionada. Se ofrecen recomendaciones para mejorar las perspectivas de reforzamiento (empowerment) de los usuarios de asistencia sanitaria con discapacidades en un entorno de prestación gestionada de asistencia