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1.
Pharm Res ; 40(11): 2499-2511, 2023 Nov.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36635486

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: The objective of this work was to demonstrate that clinical OAT1-mediated DDIs can be predicted using physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling. METHODS: LY404039 is a metabotropic glutamate receptor 2/3 agonist and the active moiety of the prodrug pomaglumetad methionil (LY2140023). After oral administration, pomaglumetad methionil is rapidly taken up by enterocytes via PEPT1 and once absorbed, converted to LY404039 via membrane dehydropeptidase 1 (DPEP1). LY404039 is renally excreted by both glomerular filtration and active secretion and in vitro studies showed that the active secretion of LY404039 was mediated by the organic anion transporter 1 (OAT1). Both clinical and in vitro data were used to build a PBPK model to predict OAT1-mediated DDIs. RESULTS: In vitro inhibitory potencies (IC50) of the known OAT inhibitors, probenecid and ibuprofen, were determined to be 4.00 and 2.63 µM, respectively. Subsequently, clinical drug-drug interaction (DDI) study showed probenecid reduced the renal clearance of LY404039 by 30 to 40%. The PBPK bottom-up model, predicted a renal clearance that was approximately 20% lower than the observed one. The middle-out model, using an OAT1 relative activity factor (RAF) of 3, accurately reproduced the renal clearance of LY404039 and pharmacokinetic (PK) changes of LY404039 in the presence of probenecid. CONCLUSIONS: OAT1- mediated DDIs can be predicted using in vitro measured IC50 and PBPK modeling. The effect of ibuprofen was predicted to be minimal (AUC ratio of 1.15) and not clinically relevant.


Subject(s)
Amino Acids , Bridged Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic , Cyclic S-Oxides , Drug Interactions , Amino Acids/metabolism , Cyclic S-Oxides/blood , Cyclic S-Oxides/pharmacokinetics , Bridged Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic/blood , Bridged Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic/pharmacokinetics , Models, Biological , Prodrugs/metabolism , Prodrugs/pharmacokinetics , Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged
2.
Am J Case Rep ; 24: e938276, 2023 Jan 06.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36604865

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND Vernix caseosa peritonitis (VCP) is a rare complication that typically presents following an otherwise uneventful cesarean section. Leakage of vernix caseosa into the peritoneum is thought to elicit a granulomatous foreign body reaction. Symptoms can be similar to other acute abdominal conditions, and diagnosis is confirmed by intraoperative findings and histological examination. Peritoneal lavage with supportive measures is the mainstay of treatment and recovery. CASE REPORT Case 1 was a 30-year-old woman who developed right iliac fossa pain, fever, tachycardia, and tachypnea less than a week after her lower segment cesarean section (LSCS). She underwent a laparoscopy for a peritonitic abdomen and concern for intra-abdominal sepsis. A peritoneal biopsy demonstrated histological changes consistent with VCP. Case 2 was a 39-year-old woman who underwent a LSCS. After discharge, she re-presented with generalized abdominal pain. With computed tomography (CT) scan findings suggestive of appendicitis, an appendectomy was performed, and vernix caseosa was detected in all quadrants. Case 3 was a 33-year-old woman who presented with fever, vomiting, diarrhea, and iliac fossa pain 9 days following an LSCS. She was given analgesia and antibiotics for a pelvic fluid collection noted on CT scan. She re-presented with tense swelling and pain above her cesarean section incision. Laparoscopy revealed adhesions over the lower abdomen and pelvis and white plaques suggestive of vernix caseosa along the peritoneal side walls. CONCLUSIONS The rising incidence of cesarean births worldwide creates the potential for increased numbers of VCP cases. Greater recognition of VCP is warranted to prevent unnecessary procedures.


Subject(s)
Abdomen, Acute , Peritonitis , Vernix Caseosa , Infant, Newborn , Humans , Female , Pregnancy , Adult , Abdomen, Acute/etiology , Cesarean Section/adverse effects , Peritonitis/etiology , Peritoneum
3.
Glob Chang Biol ; 29(5): 1296-1313, 2023 03.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36482280

ABSTRACT

Wheat is a major crop worldwide, mainly cultivated for human consumption and animal feed. Grain quality is paramount in determining its value and downstream use. While we know that climate change threatens global crop yields, a better understanding of impacts on wheat end-use quality is also critical. Combining quantitative genetics with climate model outputs, we investigated UK-wide trends in genotypic adaptation for wheat quality traits. In our approach, we augmented genomic prediction models with environmental characterisation of field trials to predict trait values and climate effects in historical field trial data between 2001 and 2020. Addition of environmental covariates, such as temperature and rainfall, successfully enabled prediction of genotype by environment interactions (G × E), and increased prediction accuracy of most traits for new genotypes in new year cross validation. We then extended predictions from these models to much larger numbers of simulated environments using climate scenarios projected under Representative Concentration Pathways 8.5 for 2050-2069. We found geographically varying climate change impacts on wheat quality due to contrasting associations between specific weather covariables and quality traits across the UK. Notably, negative impacts on quality traits were predicted in the East of the UK due to increased summer temperatures while the climate in the North and South-west may become more favourable with increased summer temperatures. Furthermore, by projecting 167,040 simulated future genotype-environment combinations, we found only limited potential for breeding to exploit predictable G × E to mitigate year-to-year environmental variability for most traits except Hagberg falling number. This suggests low adaptability of current UK wheat germplasm across future UK climates. More generally, approaches demonstrated here will be critical to enable adaptation of global crops to near-term climate change.


Subject(s)
Climate Change , Triticum , Humans , Triticum/genetics , Plant Breeding , Acclimatization , United Kingdom
4.
J AAPOS ; 24(2): 108-110, 2020 04.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31953024

ABSTRACT

A 56-year-old woman with pseudophakia and glaucoma was referred because of left eye hypotropia and esotropia noted following superotemporal Ahmed glaucoma valve implantation in that eye. Examination suggested left heavy eye syndrome, and it was confirmed the patient had high axial myopia before her cataract surgeries. Both nasal displacement of the left superior rectus muscle and inferior displacement of the left lateral rectus muscle were noted intraoperatively. Removal of the glaucoma drainage device, posterior loop myopexy of the superior rectus muscle to the lateral rectus muscle, and implantation of a new glaucoma drainage device inferonasally improved the strabismus.


Subject(s)
Glaucoma , Myopia , Strabismus , Esotropia , Female , Humans , Middle Aged , Oculomotor Muscles
5.
Case Rep Neurol Med ; 2019: 9537453, 2019.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31360563

ABSTRACT

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is an important life-saving technology for patients with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Unfortunately, ECMO has been traditionally contraindicated in patients with hemorrhagic neurologic diseases. The recent improvement in ECMO devices, increased utilization and experience with venovenous ECMO technologies among healthcare teams, and the use of ECMO without anticoagulation has expanded the potential populations that may benefit from ECMO. We present a case of successful utilization of venovenous ECMO for severe respiratory failure secondary to ARDS in a patient with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage and severe, episodic cerebral vasospasm. We also discuss important limitations and considerations for future successful use of ECMO in hemorrhagic stroke. This case report highlights the potential for this life-saving technology in patients with hemorrhagic stroke.

6.
Ocul Oncol Pathol ; 5(3): 171-175, 2019 Apr.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31049323

ABSTRACT

Malignant melanoma is the most common primary malignant tumour of the iris, but represents a small proportion of all uveal melanomas. The authors describe a 34-year-old male with a pigmented lesion of the iris. The lesion remained stable for 7 years, but the patient re-presented after this time with sudden enlargement of the mass and hyphaema. Excisional biopsy confirmed cavitary melanoma of the iris. This is the first reported case of cavitation in a primary iris melanoma. The patient has not had any further adjuvant treatment and remains metastasis free at 5 years of follow-up.

7.
Clin Pharmacol Ther ; 105(5): 1187-1195, 2019 05.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30449032

ABSTRACT

Abemaciclib, an inhibitor of cyclin dependent kinases 4 and 6, is indicated for metastatic breast cancer treatment. Reversible increases in serum creatinine levels of ~15-40% over baseline have been observed following abemaciclib dosing. This study assessed the in vitro and clinical inhibition of renal transporters by abemaciclib and its metabolites using metformin (a clinically relevant transporter substrate), in a clinical study that quantified glomerular filtration and iohexol clearance. In vitro, abemaciclib inhibited metformin uptake by organic cation transporter 2, multidrug and toxin extrusion (MATE)1, and MATE2-K transporters with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration of 0.4-3.8 µM. Clinically, abemaciclib significantly increased metformin exposure but did not significantly affect measured glomerular filtration rate, serum neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), serum cystatin-C, or the urinary markers of kidney tubular injury, NGAL and kidney injury molecule-1.


Subject(s)
Aminopyridines/pharmacology , Benzimidazoles/pharmacology , Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4/antagonists & inhibitors , Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 6/antagonists & inhibitors , Glomerular Filtration Rate/drug effects , Kidney Tubules , Metformin/pharmacology , Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological/pharmacology , Biological Transport/drug effects , Breast Neoplasms/drug therapy , Humans , Hypoglycemic Agents/pharmacology , Kidney Tubules/drug effects , Kidney Tubules/metabolism , Metabolic Clearance Rate/drug effects , Organic Cation Transport Proteins/metabolism , Organic Cation Transporter 2/metabolism
8.
Clin Transl Sci ; 10(6): 509-519, 2017 Nov.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28749581

ABSTRACT

Baricitinib, an oral selective Janus kinase 1 and 2 inhibitor, undergoes active renal tubular secretion. Baricitinib was not predicted to inhibit hepatic and renal uptake and efflux drug transporters, based on the ratio of the unbound maximum eliminating-organ inlet concentration and the in vitro half-maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50 ). In vitro, baricitinib was a substrate for organic anion transporter (OAT)3, multidrug and toxin extrusion protein (MATE)2-K, P-glycoprotein (P-gp), and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP). Probenecid, a strong OAT3 inhibitor, increased the area under the concentration-time curve from time zero to infinity (AUC[0-∞] ) of baricitinib by twofold and decreased renal clearance to 69% of control in healthy subjects. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling reproduced the renal clearance of baricitinib and the inhibitory effect of probenecid using the in vitro IC50 value of 4.4 µM. Using ibuprofen and diclofenac in vitro IC50 values of 4.4 and 3.8 µM toward OAT3, 1.2 and 1.0 AUC(0-∞) ratios of baricitinib were predicted. These predictions suggest clinically relevant drug-drug interactions (DDIs) with ibuprofen and diclofenac are unlikely.


Subject(s)
Azetidines/pharmacology , Membrane Transport Proteins/metabolism , Sulfonamides/pharmacology , Adult , Area Under Curve , Azetidines/blood , Azetidines/pharmacokinetics , Drug Interactions , HEK293 Cells , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Purines , Pyrazoles , Sulfonamides/blood , Sulfonamides/pharmacokinetics , Time Factors , Young Adult
9.
Drug Metab Dispos ; 43(7): 1045-55, 2015 Jul.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25926430

ABSTRACT

Hepatic OATPs 1B1, 1B3 and 2B1, as well as P-gp, play important roles in regulating liver uptake and biliary excretion of drugs. The intrinsic ethnic variability in OATP1B1-mediated hepatic uptake of statins has been proposed to underlie the ethnic variability in plasma exposures of statins between Caucasians and Asians. Using a targeted quantitative proteomic approach, we determined hepatic protein concentrations of OATP1B1, OATP1B3, OATP2B1, P-gp, and PMCA4 (a housekeeping protein) in a panel of human livers (n = 141) and compared protein expression across Caucasian, Asian, African-American, and unidentified donors. Using an optimized protocol that included sodium deoxycholate as a membrane protein solubilizer, the hepatic protein expression levels (mean ± S.D.) of these transporters across all livers were determined to be 15.0 ± 6.0, 16.1 ± 8.1, 4.1 ± 1.3, 0.6 ± 0.2, and 2.4 ± 1.0 fmol/µg of total membrane protein, respectively. The scaling factor was 3.5 mg of total membrane protein in 100 mg of wet liver tissue. OATP1B1 protein expression was significantly associated with the c.388A>G (rs2306283, N130D) single nucleotide polymorphism. When compared across ethnicity, the hepatic expression levels of OATP1B1 and OATP1B3 were unexpectedly higher in Asians relative to Caucasians, suggesting that hepatic OATP expression alone does not explain the increased systemic statin levels in Asians compared with Caucasians. These findings may help improve physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling to predict statin pharmacokinetic profiles and enable extrapolation of pharmacokinetic data of OATP substrates across ethnic groups.


Subject(s)
Liver/metabolism , Organic Anion Transporters/genetics , Black or African American , Asian People , Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid , Deoxycholic Acid/pharmacology , Ethnicity , Genotype , Hepatocytes/metabolism , Humans , Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors/pharmacokinetics , Membrane Proteins/metabolism , Organic Anion Transporters/biosynthesis , Organic Anion Transporters/chemistry , Plasma Membrane Calcium-Transporting ATPases/biosynthesis , Plasma Membrane Calcium-Transporting ATPases/genetics , Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide/genetics , Proteomics , White People
10.
Drug Metab Dispos ; 43(3): 325-34, 2015 Mar.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25504564

ABSTRACT

Pemetrexed, an anionic anticancer drug with a narrow therapeutic index, is eliminated mainly by active renal tubular secretion. The in vitro to in vivo extrapolation approach used in this work was developed to predict possible drug-drug interactions (DDIs) that may occur after coadministration of pemetrexed and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and it included in vitro assays, risk assessment models, and physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models. The pemetrexed transport and its inhibition parameters by several NSAIDs were quantified using HEK-PEAK cells expressing organic anion transporter (OAT) 3 or OAT4. The NSAIDs were ranked according to their DDI index, calculated as the ratio of their maximum unbound concentration in plasma over the concentration inhibiting 50% (IC50) of active pemetrexed transport. A PBPK model for ibuprofen, the NSAID with the highest DDI index, was built incorporating active renal secretion in Simcyp Simulator. The bottom-up model for pemetrexed underpredicted the clearance by 2-fold. The model we built using a scaling factor of 5.3 for the maximal uptake rate (Vmax) of OAT3, which estimated using plasma concentration profiles from patients given a 10-minute infusion of 500 mg/m(2) of pemetrexed supplemented with folic acid and vitamin B12, recovered the clinical data adequately. The observed/predicted increases in Cmax and the area under the plasma-concentration time curve (AUC0-inf) of pemetrexed when ibuprofen was coadministered were 1.1 and 1.0, respectively. The coadministration of all other NSAIDs was predicted to have no significant impact on the AUC0-inf based on their DDI indexes. The PBPK model reasonably reproduced pemetrexed concentration time profiles in cancer patients and its interaction with ibuprofen.


Subject(s)
Biological Transport/physiology , Drug Interactions/physiology , Glutamates/metabolism , Glutamates/pharmacokinetics , Guanine/analogs & derivatives , Kidney/metabolism , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/metabolism , Area Under Curve , Cell Line, Tumor , Female , Guanine/metabolism , Guanine/pharmacokinetics , HeLa Cells , Humans , Ibuprofen/metabolism , Ibuprofen/pharmacokinetics , Male , Membrane Transport Proteins/metabolism , Middle Aged , Models, Biological , Pemetrexed
11.
J Agric Food Chem ; 61(13): 3264-9, 2013 Apr 03.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23452288

ABSTRACT

The anticancer activity of hydroxytyrosyl acetate (HTy-Ac) has been studied in human colon adenocarcinoma cells. Gene expression of proteins involved in cell cycle (p21, p53, cyclin B1, and cyclin G2) and programmed cell death (BNIP3, BNIP3L, PDCD4, and ATF3), as well as phase I and phase II detoxifying enzymes CYPA1 and UGT1A10, were evaluated by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction after 24 h of exposure of Caco-2/TC7 cells to 5, 10, and 50 µM of HTy-Ac. The results show that HTy-Ac inhibited cell proliferation and arrested cell cycle by enhancing p21 and CCNG2 and lowering CCNB1 protein expression. HTy-Ac also affected the transcription of genes involved in apoptosis up-regulating of BNIP3, BNIP3L, PDCD4, and ATF3 and activating caspase-3. In addition, HTy-Ac also up-regulated xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes CYP1A1 and UGT1A10, thus enhancing carcinogen detoxification. In conclusion, these results highlight that HTy-Ac has the potential to modulate biomarkers involved in colon cancer.


Subject(s)
Acetates/pharmacology , Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology , Catechols/pharmacology , Plant Oils/chemistry , Apoptosis/drug effects , Base Sequence , Caco-2 Cells , Cell Proliferation/drug effects , DNA Primers , Flow Cytometry , Humans , Olive Oil , Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
12.
Contraception ; 88(3): 408-12, 2013 Sep.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23312929

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: This study was conducted to examine the effect of oral contraceptives on endogenous reproductive hormone levels in order to assess the suitability of oral contraceptive users as experimental and/or control groups in human performance studies. STUDY DESIGN: Ninety-five females who were taking a variety of oral contraceptives (2 types and 11 brands) were recruited. A single blood sample was analysed for endogenous concentrations of oestradiol and progesterone. RESULTS: There were significant differences (p<.05) in circulating oestradiol and progesterone as a result of oral contraceptive type and brand. Overall, oral contraceptive use resulted in low levels of oestradiol and progesterone and large variation in hormone concentration when multiple brands were analysed together. CONCLUSION: This study indicates that future studies should employ a single pill type and brand when using oral contraceptive users as either a control or experimental group and that comparison between oral contraceptive users as a control group and the early follicular phase of the menstrual cycle as an experimental group should be reconsidered.


Subject(s)
Athletic Performance/physiology , Contraceptives, Oral/administration & dosage , Estradiol/blood , Progesterone/blood , Adult , Contraceptives, Oral, Combined/administration & dosage , Control Groups , Female , Follicular Phase/physiology , Humans , Progestins/administration & dosage
13.
Int J Food Sci Nutr ; 64(2): 194-201, 2013 Mar.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23025340

ABSTRACT

In this study, we sought the use of cultured human abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) tissue to investigate the transcriptional effects of some bioactives, whose role in the prevention of atherosclerotic plaque development through the regulation of gene expression has been hypothesized. After supplementation with n - 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids or epigallocatechin-3-gallate, the expression of five genes involved in cholesterol metabolism was assessed in cultures of AAA tissue obtained during elective open surgery, and compared to the results obtained in a single-cell culture model (HepG2 cells). All bioactives modulated gene expression in HepG2 cells, while no effects were observed in the tissue culture due to the shortcomings of the tissue model, which showed high within-patient variations and high between-patient variations in gene expression. Results herein reported underline that the choice of the model system is a critical point in the evaluation of the transcriptional effects of bioactives.


Subject(s)
Catechin/analogs & derivatives , Cholesterol, Dietary/metabolism , Dietary Supplements , Fatty Acids, Omega-3/pharmacology , Models, Biological , Transcription, Genetic/drug effects , Aorta, Abdominal/surgery , Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal/surgery , Catechin/pharmacology , Cell Culture Techniques , Elective Surgical Procedures , Genetic Variation , Hep G2 Cells , Humans , Models, Genetic , Tissue Culture Techniques
14.
Case Rep Obstet Gynecol ; 2012: 231824, 2012.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23326739

ABSTRACT

We present a rare complication of fistula following the insertion of a transvaginal tape and the literature surrounding fistula formation following this procedure.

15.
Drug Metab Dispos ; 39(12): 2305-13, 2011 Dec.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21918037

ABSTRACT

The carboxylesterases (CESs) are a family of serine hydrolases that hydrolyze compounds containing an ester, amide, or thioester. In humans, two dominant forms, CES1 and CES2, are highly expressed in organs of first-pass metabolism and play an important role in xenobiotic metabolism. The current study was conducted to better understand species-related differences in substrate selectivity and tissue expression of these enzymes. To elucidate potential similarities and differences among these enzymes, a series of 4-nitrophenyl esters and a series of gemcitabine prodrugs were evaluated using enzyme kinetics as substrates of expressed and purified CESs from beagle dog, cynomolgus monkey, and human genes. For the substrates examined, human and monkey CES2 more efficiently catalyzed hydrolysis compared with CES1, whereas CES1 was the more efficient enzyme in dog. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analyses indicate that the pattern of CES tissue expression in monkey is similar to that of human, but the CES expression in dog is unique, with no detectable expression of CES in the intestine. Loperamide, a selective human CES2 inhibitor, was also found to be a CES2-selective inhibitor in both dog and monkey. This is the first study to examine substrate specificity among dog, human, and monkey CESs.


Subject(s)
Carboxylic Ester Hydrolases/metabolism , Animals , Base Sequence , Blotting, Western , Carboxylic Ester Hydrolases/genetics , Dogs , Humans , Macaca fascicularis , Molecular Sequence Data , Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction , Substrate Specificity
16.
Clin Exp Ophthalmol ; 37(4): 368-72, 2009 May.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19594563

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: To investigate the prevalence and angiographic appearances of polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV) masquerading as age-related peripapillary subretinal neovascular membranes (PSRNVM). METHODS: A consecutive case series of all patients investigated for presumed age-related PSRNVM in our tertiary referral centre over the period September 2006-2007. The presenting clinical features and fundus fluorescein angiographic (FFA) characteristics of each patient's lesion were identified. Any accompanying Indocyanine Green Angiogram (ICGA) was also reviewed, and on the basis of this investigation patients were classified into one of three groups: proven PCV, probable PCV and PSRNVM. RESULTS: Thirty patients with presumed age-related PSRNVM were identified. The FFA leakage pattern was occult in 21 patients and classic in nine patients. Sixteen patients also had ICGA performed. In 14 of these patients the original FFA leakage pattern was occult, and in two it was classic. Of the 14 patients with occult leakage on FFA who subsequently underwent ICGA all were found to have PCV. CONCLUSIONS: PCV is important and underrecognized in presumed age-related PSRNVMs. In such cases, particularly when the pattern of leakage on the fluorescein angiogram is occult, ICGA should be performed to identify the site of the polyps and if required to direct treatment.


Subject(s)
Choroid/blood supply , Eye Diseases/diagnosis , Peripheral Vascular Diseases/diagnosis , Retinal Neovascularization/diagnosis , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Coloring Agents , Diagnosis, Differential , Female , Fluorescein Angiography , Humans , Indocyanine Green , Male , Middle Aged , Optic Disk , Prevalence
17.
Prostate ; 69(13): 1411-21, 2009 Sep 15.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19489030

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Broccoli consumption has been associated with a reduced risk of prostate cancer. Isothiocyanates (ITCs) derived from glucosinolates that accumulate in broccoli are dietary compounds that may mediate these health effects. Sulforaphane (SF, 4-methylsulphinylbutyl ITC) derives from heading broccoli (calabrese) and iberin (IB, 3-methylsulphinypropyl ITC) from sprouting broccoli. While there are many studies regarding the biological activity of SF, mainly undertaken with cancerous cells, there are few studies associated with IB. METHODS: Primary epithelial and stromal cells were derived from benign prostatic hyperplasia tissue. Affymetrix U133 Plus 2.0 whole genome arrays were used to compare global gene expression between these cells, and to quantify changes in gene expression following exposure to physiologically appropriate concentrations of SF and IB. Ontology and pathway analyses were used to interpret results. Changes in expression of a subset of genes were confirmed by real-time RT-PCR. RESULTS: Global gene expression profiling identified epithelial and stromal-specific gene expression profiles. SF induced more changes in epithelial cells, whereas IB was more effective in stromal cells. Although IB and SF induced different changes in gene expression in both epithelial and stromal cells, these were associated with similar pathways, such as cell cycle and detoxification. Both ITCs increased expression of PLAGL1, a tumor suppressor gene, in stromal cells and suppressed expression of the putative tumor promoting genes IFITM1, CSPG2, and VIM in epithelial cells. CONCLUSION: These data suggest that IB and SF both alter genes associated with cancer prevention, and IB should be investigated further as a potential chemopreventative agent. Prostate 69: 1411-1421, 2009. (c) 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.


Subject(s)
Anticarcinogenic Agents/pharmacology , Isothiocyanates/pharmacology , Precancerous Conditions/drug therapy , Prostate/drug effects , Prostatic Hyperplasia/drug therapy , Thiocyanates/pharmacology , Cells, Cultured , Epithelial Cells/drug effects , Epithelial Cells/pathology , Epithelial Cells/physiology , Gene Expression/drug effects , Gene Expression Profiling , Humans , Male , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Precancerous Conditions/genetics , Precancerous Conditions/pathology , Prostate/pathology , Prostate/physiology , Prostatic Hyperplasia/genetics , Prostatic Hyperplasia/pathology , Prostatic Neoplasms/prevention & control , Stromal Cells/drug effects , Stromal Cells/pathology , Stromal Cells/physiology , Sulfoxides
18.
Drug Metab Dispos ; 37(6): 1251-8, 2009 Jun.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19273529

ABSTRACT

Expression of breast cancer resistance protein (Bcrp) at the blood-brain barrier (BBB) has been revealed recently. To investigate comprehensively the potential role of Bcrp at the murine BBB, a chemically diverse set of model compounds (cimetidine, alfuzosin, dipyridamole, and LY2228820) was evaluated using a multiexperimental design. Bcrp1 stably transfected MDCKII cell monolayer transport studies demonstrated that each compound had affinity for Bcrp and that polarized transport by Bcrp was abolished completely by the Bcrp inhibitor chrysin. However, none of the compounds differed in brain uptake between Bcrp wild-type and knockout mice under either an in situ brain perfusion or a 24-h subcutaneous osmotic minipump continuous infusion experimental paradigm. In addition, alfuzosin and dipyridamole were shown to undergo transport by P-glycoprotein (P-gp) in an MDCKII-MDR1 cell monolayer model. Alfuzosin brain uptake was 4-fold higher in mdr1a(-/-) mice than in mdr1a(+/+) mice in in situ and in vivo studies, demonstrating for the first time that it undergoes P-gp-mediated efflux at the BBB. In contrast, P-gp had no effect on dipyridamole brain penetration in situ or in vivo. In fact, in situ BBB permeability of these solutes appeared to be primarily dependent on their lipophilicity in the absence of efflux transport, and in situ brain uptake clearance correlated with the intrinsic transcellular passive permeability from in vitro transport and cellular accumulation studies. In summary, Bcrp mediates in vitro transport of various compounds, but seems to play a minimal role at the BBB in vivo.


Subject(s)
ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/metabolism , Biological Transport/drug effects , Blood-Brain Barrier/drug effects , Brain/drug effects , Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology , ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 2 , ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/genetics , Animals , Blood-Brain Barrier/physiology , Brain/physiology , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Drug Interactions , Drug Synergism , Male , Mice , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Multidrug Resistance-Associated Proteins/metabolism , Neoplasm Proteins/genetics , Osmotic Pressure , Quinazolines/pharmacology , Rats
19.
J Nutr ; 138(10): 1840-5, 2008 Oct.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18806090

ABSTRACT

The health benefits of consuming cruciferous vegetables are widely considered to be due to the biological activity of glucosinolate degradation products. However, it is conceivable that other phytochemicals within crucifers may also have biological activity that may contribute to health benefits. In this study, we analyzed global gene expression in Caco-2 cells exposed to extracts derived from broccoli that had been heat treated to different extents to result in contrasting profiles of glucosinolates and their degradation products. Extracts microwaved for 0, 1, and 4 min contained 9.5, 25.5, and 0 micromol/L sulforaphane and induced changes in expression of 381, 1017, and 101 genes, respectively (>2 fold; P < 0.01). Seventy-two genes showed similar changes in expression after treatment with all 3 extracts. These included genes involved in polyamine catabolism and transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta signaling. Consistent with these changes in gene expression, subsequent studies demonstrated that exposing cells to these extracts, including the 4-min extract that contained no glucosinolate degradation products, increased putrescine and N-acetyl-spermine concentration, and suppressed the TGFbeta1-mediated induction of phosphorylated Smad 2. This is the first report, to our knowledge, of phytochemicals from a cruciferous vegetable affecting both a signaling pathway and a catabolic process.


Subject(s)
Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Polyamines/metabolism , Transforming Growth Factor beta/physiology , Brassica , Caco-2 Cells , Cell Culture Techniques , Cooking , Humans , Nucleic Acid Hybridization , Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis , RNA, Neoplasm/genetics , RNA, Neoplasm/isolation & purification , Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction , Signal Transduction/drug effects , Transforming Growth Factor beta/drug effects
20.
PLoS One ; 3(7): e2568, 2008 Jul 02.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18596959

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Epidemiological studies suggest that people who consume more than one portion of cruciferous vegetables per week are at lower risk of both the incidence of prostate cancer and of developing aggressive prostate cancer but there is little understanding of the underlying mechanisms. In this study, we quantify and interpret changes in global gene expression patterns in the human prostate gland before, during and after a 12 month broccoli-rich diet. METHODS AND FINDINGS: Volunteers were randomly assigned to either a broccoli-rich or a pea-rich diet. After six months there were no differences in gene expression between glutathione S-transferase mu 1 (GSTM1) positive and null individuals on the pea-rich diet but significant differences between GSTM1 genotypes on the broccoli-rich diet, associated with transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFbeta1) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) signalling pathways. Comparison of biopsies obtained pre and post intervention revealed more changes in gene expression occurred in individuals on a broccoli-rich diet than in those on a pea-rich diet. While there were changes in androgen signalling, regardless of diet, men on the broccoli diet had additional changes to mRNA processing, and TGFbeta1, EGF and insulin signalling. We also provide evidence that sulforaphane (the isothiocyanate derived from 4-methylsuphinylbutyl glucosinolate that accumulates in broccoli) chemically interacts with TGFbeta1, EGF and insulin peptides to form thioureas, and enhances TGFbeta1/Smad-mediated transcription. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that consuming broccoli interacts with GSTM1 genotype to result in complex changes to signalling pathways associated with inflammation and carcinogenesis in the prostate. We propose that these changes may be mediated through the chemical interaction of isothiocyanates with signalling peptides in the plasma. This study provides, for the first time, experimental evidence obtained in humans to support observational studies that diets rich in cruciferous vegetables may reduce the risk of prostate cancer and other chronic disease. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00535977.


Subject(s)
Brassica , Diet , Glutathione Transferase/genetics , Prostate/metabolism , Prostatic Neoplasms/metabolism , Signal Transduction , Aged , Glutathione Transferase/metabolism , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Models, Biological , Prostatic Neoplasms/genetics , Risk Factors
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