Genome-wide genotyping elucidates the geographical diversification and dispersal of the polyploid and clonally propagated yam (Dioscorea alata).

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Inferring the diffusion history of many human-dispersed species is still not straightforward due to unresolved past human migrations. The centre of diversification and routes of migration of the autopolyploid and clonally propagated greater yam, Dioscorea alata, one of the oldest edible tubers, remain unclear. Here, we address yam demographic and dispersal history using a worldwide sample. METHODS: We characterized genome-wide patterns of genetic variation using genotyping by sequencing 643 greater yam accessions spanning four continents. First, we disentangled the polyploid and clonal components of yam diversity using allele frequency distribution and identity by descent approaches. We then addressed yam geographical origin and diffusion history with a model-based coalescent inferential approach. KEY RESULTS: Diploid genotypes were more frequent than triploids and tetraploids worldwide. Genetic diversity was generally low and clonality appeared to be a main factor of diversification. The most likely evolutionary scenario supported an early divergence of mainland Southeast Asian and Pacific gene pools with continuous migration between them. The genetic make-up of triploids and tetraploids suggests that they have originated from these two regions before westward yam migration. The Indian Peninsula gene pool gave origin to the African gene pool, which was later introduced to the Caribbean region. CONCLUSIONS: Our results are congruent with the hypothesis of independent domestication origins of the two main Asian and Pacific gene pools. The low genetic diversity and high clonality observed suggest a strong domestication bottleneck followed by thousands of years of widespread vegetative propagation and polyploidization. Both processes reduced the extent of diversity available for breeding, and this is likely to threaten future adaptation.

Management Of Recent Elbow Dislocations: Functional Treatment Versus Immobilization; A Prospective Study About 60 Cases.

OBJECTIVE: To determine our therapeutic posture trough a comparison of functional treatment results versus immobilization in two different periods. INTRODUCTION: For years, the treatment of recent elbow dislocations consisted of reduction and immobilization during 21 days. Given the frequency of stiffness other methods have been tried out. METHOD: A prospective study was carried out from January 2010 to December 2014. Sixty patients averaging 28.3 years of age underwent elbow dislocation reduction. They were categorized into three separate groups. Patients in the first group had their elbow immobilized for 21 days whereas Group 2 patients were immobilized for 10 days. Group 3 patients were applied a functional treatment followed by a functional rehabilitation. Patients were evaluated according to the Mayo Clinic Elbow Performance Index and the results analyzed with statistical software (SPSS, version 18). RESULTS: During the first month, the functional results of the patients were excellent and good in 19%, 94.7% and 90% respectively for Groups 1, 2 and 3. The pain was intense (10 on the visual analogue scale) in group 3 associated with swelling. At day 90, the results of the patients in Groups 2 and 3 were excellent in 100% of the cases versus 90% for Group 1. At 6 months, all the results were the same. We have not noted any instability, or recurrence or periarticular ossification in our patients. CONCLUSION: The treatment of stable elbow dislocations remains orthopedic. The risk of instability and pain motivates a short 10-day immobilization period followed by early mobilization.

Tuberculous Tenosynovitis of the Wrist and the Hand: The 3 Anatomo- Clinical Forms Described by Kanavel (About 4 Cases).

INTRODUCTION: Tuberculous tenosynovitis localization is rare. This unusual presentation, often misunderstood, results in frequent misdiagnosis. We report 4 cases of patients which represent the 3 anatomo-clinical forms described by Kanavel. The knowledge of its different manifestations will make it possible to recognize and to suspect the tuberculous origin. CASE REPORT: This was a retrospective study from January 2006 to May 2017 which involved all patients received and treated with tuberculous tenosynovitis. Of the 4 case studies presented here, there were 3 men and 1 woman, aged, respectively, 23, 30, 40, and 30 years of age. They were all immunocompetent. The onset was, respectively, about 12, 6, 4, and 8 months. The localization was on the wrist for 3 cases (2 on the right and 1 on the left) and one on the palmar face of the second ray on the right hand. Signs of median nerve compression were found in 2 cases. Surgery was extensive, with a complete debridement in 3 patients. For the last one, a simple recess was made associated with a bacteriological sampling. Biopsy was performed for all patients. In the anatomo-clinical study, we observed 1 case of serofibrinous synovitis, 2 cases of rice-like synovitis, and 1 case of caseous synovitis. A rupture of the tendon ofthe flexor carpi radialis was observed in 1 case. All cases were confirmed histologically with the presence of granuloma gigantocellular with caseous necrosis. We have recorded 1 case ofbacteriological positivity in 3 cases requested. Patients had antituberculous chemotherapy after surgery for, respectively, 6, 8, 6, and 8 months. The progression was favorable with a regression of the signs of nerve compression. Revisited at, respectively, 4, 3, 5 years, and 34 months, we did not record any recurrence. The mobility of the wrist was complete and partial for the finger. CONCLUSION: Tenosynovitis tuberculous treatment is mostly medical. Early diagnosis enables the treatment to be started as soon as possible to avoid extensive surgery. For this reason, it is currently essential to use high sensitivity diagnostic methods of such as the polymerase chain reaction method and the Genexpert in any suspicion of the disease.