ABSTRACT
Premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) are common. Although often benign, they can also be associated with increased morbidity and mortality. The aim of this review was to assess the risk evaluation of PVCs in patients with or without structural heart disease and discuss the management of this arrhythmia. Reports published in English were searched in PubMed with the following search terms: premature ventricular contraction, ectopic ventricular beat, ventricular extrasystole, antiarrhythmic drugs, ablation, ventricular arrhythmia, ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation and torsade de pointe. This analysis suggests that all patients with frequent PVCs should be assessed for PVC burden, symptom status and the presence of structural heart disease. PVCs in patients with structurally normal hearts was once considered a benign phenomenon. Uncommonly, PVCs may provoke life-threatening arrhythmias. Ventricular fibrillation is the initial mode of malignant rapid ventricular arrhythmias (MRVAs). Patients with malignant PVC and PVC burden >10% are at increased risk of MRVA in case of myocardial infarction and heart failure. MRVA is the primary cause of sudden cardiac death in patients with and without structural heart disease. Therapeutic options include medical therapy and catheter ablation, the latter more effective and potentially curable, particularly in patients with left ventricular dysfunction. The timely recognition and effective treatment of malignant PVCs in symptomatic patients with underling cardiomyopathy are mandatory to initiate early therapies before the occurrence of adverse clinical outcomes and to improve the long-term prognosis.
ABSTRACT
Sarcoidosis is a systemic granulomatous disease characterized by pulmonary involvement in most patients and more rarely by extrapulmonary involvement such as ocular, skin, salivary, lymph nodes and joints damages. Neurological and cardiac involvements are uncommon but are associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Cardiac sarcoidosis affects 5 to 20% of patients depending on the studies and autopsy studies even report cardiac involvement in 25% of sarcoidosis patients. This review aims to summarise main data on the diagnostic value of the different imaging techniques in cardiac sarcoidosis and to also detail the management of these patients who require a multidisciplinary approach.
Subject(s)
Myocarditis , Sarcoidosis , Granuloma/complications , Humans , Lymph Nodes/pathology , Myocarditis/complications , Prognosis , Sarcoidosis/complications , Sarcoidosis/diagnosis , Sarcoidosis/therapyABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Atrioventricular block (AVB) is common after transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) and permanent pacemaker (PPM) implantation is needed in up to 30% of patients. Main predictors of long term AVB are electrocardiographic. The purpose of this study is to assess the prognostic value of serial HV intervals measured before and after TAVR to shorten the timing of PPM implantation. METHODS: His bundle recordings were performed before (HV1), immediately after TAVR (HV2) and at day 2 for Edwards Sapien (ES) and 5 for Medtronic CoreValve (CV) (HV3). PPM indications were high degree AVB before day 5 or prolonged HV interval ≥80ms at the last recording. High degree AVB after discharge was evaluated from the pacemaker memories and ECG at 1 and 6months. RESULTS: Data were obtained in 84 patients (33% CV and 67% ES). HV values were not associated with early or late AVB. PPM were implanted in 27 patients (34%) for documented AVB (n=17, 24%), prolonged HV interval (n=9) or sick sinus syndrome (n=1). Persistent complete AVB during the procedure and postoperative high degree AVB were the only perioperative factors associated with further long term occurrence of high degree AVB (p=0.001 and p<0.001). On multivariate analysis, only postoperative high degree AVB was significant (p=0.001). CONCLUSION: Pre- and post-operative HV measurements were not correlated with late AVB after TAVR. Perioperative persistent complete AVB and postoperative high degree AVB are the only factors to predict late AVB and should be considered for the decision of PPM implantation.
