ABSTRACT
In front of the arrival of new devices intended to simplify the removal of double J stent, it poses the problem of the knowledge of the real cost of such an ablation under the current conditions of realization. MATERIAL AND METHOD: This is a monocentric economic evaluation of cost and remuneration needed data-gathering of quotation (CCAM, GHS/SE, ), estimate of the associated costs of wear and damping of the endoscopic equipments (endoscopes, cables, ), estimate of the cost of sterilization, estimate of the associated costs to the intervention of staff (Auxiliary nurse [AS] and Nurse [IDE]) with timing of the various tasks. RESULTS: Quotation CCAM JCGE004 (48) gives access to fixed price SE1 (73.71 for private clinic, and 75.89 for public institution) without hospitalization nor anaesthesia. The costs were reported to an act of single double J removal. Concerning the equipments: 4.42HT for the fibroscopes, graspers, cable and light. The costs of sterilization were: 17.95HT. The timed workforce's costs were: 7.61-9.51 for AS and 9.92-10.84 for IDE. The cost of consumable was about 1.37 HT, by excluding the common base from the extractions (1.876HT). The total costs in France in 2016 were thus about 47.4 to 50.496 including all taxes. CONCLUSIONS: This estimate will be used certainly for reflection on the investments and the future studies of the economic impact of the new devices of extraction, by correlating it of course with the various maintenance contracts from each institution. LEVEL OF PROOF: 4.
Subject(s)
Costs and Cost Analysis , Device Removal/economics , Device Removal/instrumentation , Equipment Reuse , Stents , Sterilization , Urinary Catheters , Fiber Optic Technology , France , Humans , Private FacilitiesABSTRACT
Multilocus enzyme electrophoresis was performed on 76 European strains of Candida dubliniensis. Ten of the 20 enzyme-encoding loci were polymorphic, giving rise to 10 electrophoretic types within the sample studied. Investigation of the population genetics of a subset of 36 strains from HIV-infected patients in London showed the existence of strong heterozygote deficits and excesses associated with significant linkage disequilibria between pairs of loci. These findings, together with the predominance of multilocus genotypes, strongly suggest that C. dubliniensis is mainly (if not totally) clonal. Analysis of genotypes of a larger number of strains should confirm this conclusion and improve our understanding of the epidemiology of this pathogen.
Subject(s)
AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/microbiology , Candida/genetics , Candidiasis/microbiology , Candida/classification , Candida/growth & development , Europe , Fungal Proteins/genetics , Genetics, Population , Genotype , Heterozygote , Humans , Linkage Disequilibrium , Polymorphism, GeneticABSTRACT
Candida dubliniensis is a novel species only recently described. This emerging pathogen shares some of the phenotypic characteristics specific to C. albicans but is genetically different. In this study we typed four strains of atypical C. albicans isolated in our laboratory and compared them to 41 strains of C. albicans and 11 strains of C. dubliniensis by several phenotypic methods and by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis. Using factorial correspondence analysis, we distinguished C. dubliniensis and the atypical C. albicans strains from all strains of C. albicans. Atypical C. albicans strains were identified as C. dubliniensis.
