Vitamin D receptor (BsmI) gene polymorphism and allele frequency among chronic kidney disease patients in south Indian population.

The vitamin D receptor (VDR) axis plays an important role in multiple physiological renal functions. BsmI gene is one among the VDR gene plays a vital role in maintaining this VDR axis and any polymorphism in VDR gene will cause dysfunction of renal tissues. The main objective of the study is to study the link between BsmI VDR gene polymorphism and Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD). This was a case-control study, which includes 100 cases and 100 controls. BsmI gene analysis was done by polymerase chain reaction - restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). Among 100 CKD study participants, BB (wild-type) genotype of BsmI gene was present in 7 patients (7%), Bb (heterozygous) genotype was present in 23 patients (23%) and bb (mutant) genotype was present in 70 patients (70%). And among 100 controls, 92 subjects were found to have BB genotype and 8 subjects were found to have Bb genotype and none of subjects were found to have bb genotypes. CKD patients with Bb and bb genotypes were found to have significantly elevated serum urea, creatinine and decreased Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) when compared to the BB genotype of BsmI gene. 'b' allele of BsmI gene, Bb and bb genotypes of BsmI gene plays a greater role in Guanine/Adenine single nucleotide polymorphism of BsmI gene in CKD.

Effect of ß-Caryophyllene on oxidative stress, glucose metabolism in the skeletal muscle of high fat diet and fructose-induced type-2 diabetic adult male rats.

Skeletal muscle is where the majority of insulin-stimulated whole-body glucose elimination takes place under normal circumstances. A significant risk factor for metabolic diseases is high dietary fat consumption, which also increases stored fat mass. Natural solutions with anti-diabetic effectiveness and fewer side effects are becoming more popular as a result of the conventional pharmacological treatments' numerous negative side effects and high rates of secondary failure. Cannabis and a variety of culinary herbs and spices may include the naturally occurring sequiterpene ß-caryophyllene. Among other things, it has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-lipidemic properties. However, it is not yet known how ß-caryophyllene affects the uptake and oxidation of glucose. Determining if ß -caryophyllene has anti-diabetic properties in type-2 diabetes brought on by a high-fat diet was the objective of the current investigation. A sufficient dose of ß-caryophyllene (200 mg/kg b.w.t., orally for 30 days) was given to type-2 diabetic rats fed a high-fat diet and given fructose as an inducer of diabetes to assess its anti-diabetic activity. The treatment of diabetes-induced rats with ß -Caryophyllene restored the altered levels of blood glucose, serum insulin as well as the lipid parameters, oxidative stress markers, antioxidant enzymes. Our findings show that ß-caryophyllene improves glycemia control by enhancing glucose absorption and oxidation in the skeletal muscle of type-2 diabetic rats. From the present findings, it is evident that ß -caryophyllene can be used as an anti-diabetic drug.

Phytochemical cocktail of Asanadi ganaextract in the management of diabetes.

It is of interest to investigate that the phytochemical analysis, in-vitro antioxidant potential and glycosidase inhibitory potential of Asanadi ganaa polyherbal formulation. Asanadi ganais a classical Ayurvedic polyherbal formulation, markedly used for alleviation of Prameha and Medodosha, which correlates in many ways with obesity, metabolic syndrome, and diabetes mellitus (madhumeha). The phytochemical constituents, total phenolic, total flavonoids, total tannin content, total antioxidant capacity, total reducing power, and free radical scavenging activity of the polyherbal formulation extracts were determined. Comparing it to the common medication Acarbose, its inhibitory impact against the digestive enzymes α-amylase and α-glucosidase was also examined. The formulation showed the presence of major constituents such as terpenoids, triterpenoids, sterols, flavonoids, tannins, phenolic, saponins, alkaloids and Glycosides. The ethanol extract had high phenolic content and flavonoid content, whereas the aqueous extract had more tannin content (181 ± 5.5µg/mg), (132 ± 5.50 µg/mg), (22± 1.6 µg/mg respectively. we conclude that the extracts of ayurvedic polyherbal formulations, particularly ethanol extract are a potential source of natural antioxidants and remarkable glycosidase inhibitory activity. Hence, Asanadi ganahas the potential to be a safe and effective natural treatment for the delay or prevention of diabetic complications.

An update on diagnosis and therapeutics for type-2 diabetes mellitus.

Type-2 Diabetes mellitus is a common metabolic disorder. It is combined with co-morbidities, such as obesity, hyperlipidemia, hypertension and cardiovascular disease which taken together, comprise the 'Metabolic Syndrome'. This disease causes crucial morbidity and mortality at considerable expense to patients, their families and society. Different categories of drugs such as insulin secretagogues, insulin sensitizers, alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, GLP-1 agonists, DPP4 inhibitors, dual PPAR agonists and others are used for its management. Therefore, it is of interest to highlight the recent advances in diagnosis and therapeutics used in the treatment of type-2 diabetes mellitus. The classical and online-literature were used to compile data for this study. This includes the electronic search engine such as Scopus, Google Scholar, Sci Finder, PubMed and Web of Science. Data shows that there are different families of oral and injectable drugs at hand for the treatment of T2DM. Hence, we need to develop a novel, safety and effective agents that will improve the quality of life of T2DM patients, considering effectiveness and durability of lowering blood Glucose, risk of hypoglycemia and diabetes complications.

Effect of ß-Caryophyllene on insulin resistance in skeletal muscle of high fat diet and fructose-induced type-2 diabetic rats.

High fat diet feeding results in hyperglycemia and insulin resistance, which is a major pathological feature of type-2 diabetes mellitus. The use of oral hypoglycaemic drugs is limited due to its deleterious side effects and there is a need to find more efficacious agents for diabetes management. Hence, it is of interest to show the mechanism of action of ß-Caryophyllene on insulin signalling molecules in gastrocnemius muscle of high fat diet - induced type-2 diabetic rats. An oral effective dose of with ß-Caryophyllene (200 mg/kg b.wt) was given for 30 days to high fat diet (comprising 2% cholesterol, 1% cholic acid, 30% coconut oil, 67% conventional rat feed) and fructose fed type-2 diabetic rats to find out whether ß-Caryophyllene regulates IRS-1/Akt pathway of insulin signalling. The data shows that, ß-Caryophyllene treatment significantly increased the mRNA and protein expression of insulin receptor (IR) in diabetic rats whereas there is no significant difference in mRNA expression of insulin receptor-substrate-1 (IRS-1) was observed among groups. The Akt mRNAand GLUT-4mRNA and protein level were also improved in gastrocnemius muscle of type-2 diabetic rats. Thus, we concluded that ß-Caryophyllene could be used as potential phyto medicine for type-2 diabetes management.