Perfil clínico e hemodinâmico de pacientes consecutivos com estenose aórtica valvar estudados na era pré-implante transcateter valvar aórtico em instituição acadêmica. Análise comparativa da avaliação invasiva com a ecocardiográfica / Clinical and hemodynamic profile of consecutive patients with aortic valve stenosis studied in the pre-transcatheter aortic valve implantation era at an academic institution. Comparative analysis of invasive evaluation with echocardiography

Introdução: Face à melhor compreensão da fisiopatologia da estenose valvar aórtica, cresceu paralelamente a complexidade da avaliação de sua gravidade, persistindo relevante incerteza quanto à aplicabilidade dos métodos invasivos pelo cateterismo cardíaco e os não invasivos, com base em ecocardiografia. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar os padrões hemodinâmicos da avaliação com ecocardiografia comparativamente à estimativa da gravidade da estenose aórtica com o cateterismo em pacientes consecutivos referidos para avaliação diagnóstica por laboratório de hospital acadêmico terciário no triênio 2016-2018. Métodos: Estudo observacional, descritivo e retrospectivo das características clínicas e dos resultados das avaliações da gravidade da estenose valvar aórtica obtidas em 96 pacientes consecutivos, por meio de cateterismo e ecocardiografia. Resultados: Amostra populacional de 49 homens e 47 mulheres, com mediana de idade de 66,5 (56,5 a 72,8) anos, estenose valvar aórtica degenerativa em 49% e reumática em 40%, além de diversas comorbidades, inclusive doença coronária (37%). Pelo cateterismo, com base no gradiente pico de 48 (20 a 68), a estenose valvar aórtica foi avaliada como grave em 56%, sendo a pressão telediastólica ventricular de 20mmHg (16 a 30mmHg). Pela ecocardiografia, a área valvar foi 0,9cm2 (0,7 a 1,2cm2), sendo indexado 0,5cm2/m2 (0,43 a 0,5cm2/m2), com gradiente pico de 62±26 mmHg. A estenose valvar aórtica foi considerada severa em 69,2%. Houve discordância entre os métodos sobre a severidade da estenose valvar aórtica em 30% dos exames, com coeficiente de Spearman entre área valvar pelo ecocardiograma e gradiente pico pelo cateterismo de -0,7 (p<0,001). Conclusão: Em amostra representativa dos vários padrões hemodinâmicos, a avaliação da gravidade da estenose valvar aórtica, como praticada rotineiramente em laboratório acadêmico, limitou-se à medida de pico de gradiente transvalvar. A estimativa da área valvar pelo método ecocardiográfico, sendo indireta e também passível de crítica, contribui para as discrepâncias encontradas, tornando-se justificável buscar o aperfeiçoamento de ambos os métodos, em vista da complexidade clínica e hemodinâmica detectada.

Background: In view of the better understanding of the pathophysiology of aortic valve stenosis, the complexity of assessing its severity has simultaneously grown, with relevant uncertainty persisting as to the applicability of invasive methods by cardiac catheterization and non-invasive methods based on echocardiography. The objective of this study was to analyze the hemodynamic patterns of evaluation with echocardiography compared to the estimation of severity of aortic stenosis with catheterization in consecutive patients referred for diagnostic evaluation by the laboratory of a tertiary academic hospital in the 2016 to 2018 triennium. Methods: An observational, descriptive and retrospective study of clinical characteristics and results of assessments of severity of aortic valve stenosis obtained in 96 consecutive patients, through catheterization and echocardiography. Results: A population sample of 49 men and 47 women, with a median age of 66.5 (56.5 to 72.8) years, degenerative aortic valve stenosis in 49%, and rheumatic aortic stenosis in 40%, in addition to several comorbidities, including coronary disease (37%). Using catheterization, based on the peak gradient of 48 (20 to 68), aortic valve stenosis was assessed as severe in 56%, with ventricular end-diastolic pressure of 20mmHg (16 to 30mmHg). Using echocardiography, the valve area was 0.9cm2 (0.7 to 1.2cm2), indexed valve area was 0.5cm2/m2 (0.43 to 0.5cm2/m2), with peak gradient of 62±26mmHg. Aortic valve stenosis was considered severe in 69.2%. There was disagreement between the methods regarding severity of aortic valve stenosis in 30% of exams, with a Spearman coefficient between the valve area on the echocardiogram and the peak gradient on catheterization of -0.7 (p<0.001). Conclusion: In a representative sample of various hemodynamic patterns, the assessment of severity of aortic valve stenosis, as routinely practiced in an academic laboratory, was limited to measuring the peak transvalvular gradient. The estimation of the valve area using the echocardiographic method was indirect and also subject to criticism, and contributed to the discrepancies found, rendering it justifiable to seek the improvement of both methods, in view of the clinical and hemodynamic complexity detected.

Aspirin plus verapamil relieves angina and perfusion abnormalities in patients with coronary microvascular dysfunction and Chagas disease: a pilot non-randomized study.

INTRODUCTION: Most patients with chronic cardiomyopathy of Chagas disease (CCCD) harbor a secondary cause of coronary microvascular dysfunction (CMD), for which there is no evidence-based therapy. We evaluated the impact of verapamil plus aspirin on symptoms and perfusion abnormalities in patients with CCCD and CMD. METHODS: Consecutive patients with angina pectoris, who had neither coronary artery obstructions nor moderate-severe left ventricular dysfunction (left ventricular ejection fraction > 40%) despite showing wall motion abnormalities on ventriculography, were referred for invasive angiography and tested for Chagas disease. Thirty-two patients with confirmed CCCD and ischemia on stress-rest SPECT myocardial perfusion scintigraphy (MPS) were included. Clinical evaluation, quality of life (EQ-5D/ Seattle Angina Questionnaire), and MPS were assessed before and after 3 months of treatment with oral verapamil plus aspirin (n=26) or placebo (n=6). RESULTS: The mean patient age was 64 years, and 18 (56%) were female. The ischemic index summed difference score (SDS) in MPS was significantly reduced by 55.6% after aspirin+verapamil treatment. A decrease in SDS was observed in 20 (77%) participants, and in 10 participants, no more ischemia could be detected. Enhancements in quality of life were also detected. No change in symptoms or MPS was observed in the placebo group. CONCLUSIONS: This low-cost 3-month treatment for patients diagnosed with CCCD and CMD was safe and resulted in a 55.6% reduction in ischemic burden, symptomatic improvement, and better quality of life.

Aspirin plus verapamil relieves angina and perfusion abnormalities in patients with coronary microvascular dysfunction and Chagas disease: a pilot non-randomized study

Abstract INTRODUCTION: Most patients with chronic cardiomyopathy of Chagas disease (CCCD) harbor a secondary cause of coronary microvascular dysfunction (CMD), for which there is no evidence-based therapy. We evaluated the impact of verapamil plus aspirin on symptoms and perfusion abnormalities in patients with CCCD and CMD. METHODS: Consecutive patients with angina pectoris, who had neither coronary artery obstructions nor moderate-severe left ventricular dysfunction (left ventricular ejection fraction > 40%) despite showing wall motion abnormalities on ventriculography, were referred for invasive angiography and tested for Chagas disease. Thirty-two patients with confirmed CCCD and ischemia on stress-rest SPECT myocardial perfusion scintigraphy (MPS) were included. Clinical evaluation, quality of life (EQ-5D/ Seattle Angina Questionnaire), and MPS were assessed before and after 3 months of treatment with oral verapamil plus aspirin (n=26) or placebo (n=6). RESULTS: The mean patient age was 64 years, and 18 (56%) were female. The ischemic index summed difference score (SDS) in MPS was significantly reduced by 55.6% after aspirin+verapamil treatment. A decrease in SDS was observed in 20 (77%) participants, and in 10 participants, no more ischemia could be detected. Enhancements in quality of life were also detected. No change in symptoms or MPS was observed in the placebo group. CONCLUSIONS: This low-cost 3-month treatment for patients diagnosed with CCCD and CMD was safe and resulted in a 55.6% reduction in ischemic burden, symptomatic improvement, and better quality of life.

Estudo Comparativo da Doença Coronariana Microvascular Causada por Doença de Chagas e por Outras Etiologias / Chagas Cardiomyopathy as the Etiology of Suspected Coronary Microvascular Disease. A Comparison Study with Suspected Coronary Microvascular Disease of Other Etiologies

Resumo Fundamento A doença de Chagas (DC) constitui uma causa potencial negligenciada de doença microvascular coronariana (DMC). Objetivos Comparar pacientes com DMC relacionada à DC (DMC-DC) com pacientes com DMC ligada a outras etiologias (DMC-OE). Métodos De 1292 pacientes estáveis, encaminhados para angiografia coronária invasiva para elucidar o padrão hemodinâmico e a causa de angina, 247 apresentaram coronárias subepicárdicas normais, e 101 foram incluídos após aplicação dos critérios de exclusão. Desses, 15 compuseram o grupo de DMC-DC e suas características clínicas, hemodinâmicas, angiográficas, e cintilográficas foram comparadas às do grupo de 86 pacientes com DMC-OE. O nível de significância estatística para todas as comparações adotado foi de 0,05. Resultados Pacientes com suspeita de DMC-DC apresentaram características antropométricas, clínicas e angiográficas, além de alterações hemodinâmicas e de perfusão miocárdica estatisticamente comparáveis às detectadas nos 86 pacientes com DMC-OE. Disfunção ventricular diastólica, expressa por elevada pressão telediastólica do ventrículo esquerdo, foi igualmente encontrada nos dois grupos. Entretanto, em comparação a esse grupo com DMC-OE, o grupo com DMC-DC exibiu fração de ejeção ventricular esquerda mais baixa (61,1 ± 11,9 vs 54,8 ± 15,9; p= 0,049) e mais elevado escore de mobilidade da parede ventricular (1,77 ± 0,35 vs 1,18 ± 0,26; p= 0,02). Conclusão A cardiomiopatia crônica da doença de Chagas esteve associada à etiologia de possível doença microvascular coronariana em 15% de amostra de 101 pacientes estáveis, cujo sintoma principal era angina requerendo elucidação por angiografia invasiva. Embora os grupos DMC-DC e DMC-OE apresentassem características clínicas, hemodinâmicas, e de perfusão miocárdica em comum, a disfunção global e segmentar do ventrículo esquerdo foi mais grave nos pacientes com DMC associada à DC em comparação à DMC por outras etiologias. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; 115(6):1094-1101)

Abstract Background Chagas disease (CD) as neglected secondary form of suspected coronary microvascular dysfunction (CMD). Objectives Comparison of patients with CMD related to CD (CMD-CE) versus patients with CMD caused by other etiologies (CMD-OE). Methods Of 1292 stable patients referred for invasive coronary angiography to elucidate the hemodynamic pattern and the cause of angina as a cardinal symptom in their medical history, 247 presented normal epicardial coronary arteries and 101 were included after strict exclusion criteria. Of those, 15 had suspected CMD-CE, and their clinical, hemodynamic, angiographic and scintigraphic characteristics were compared to those of the other 86 patients with suspected CDM-OE. Level of significance for all comparisons was p < 0.05. Results Patients with suspected CMD-CE showed most anthropometric, clinical, angiographic hemodynamic and myocardial perfusion abnormalities that were statistically similar to those detected in the remaining 86 patients with suspected CMD-OE. LV diastolic dysfunction, expressed by elevated LV end-diastolic pressure was equally found in both groups. However, as compared to the group of CMD-OE the group with CMD-CE exhibited lower left ventricular ejection fraction (54.8 ± 15.9 vs 61.1 ± 11.9, p= 0.049) and a more severely impaired index of regional wall motion abnormalities (1.77 ± 0.35 vs 1.18 ± 0.26, p= 0.02) respectively for the CMD-OE and CMD-CE groups. Conclusion Chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy was a secondary cause of suspected coronary microvascular disease in 15% of 101 stable patients whose cardinal symptom was anginal pain warranting coronary angiography. Although sharing several clinical, hemodynamic, and myocardial perfusion characteristics with patients whose suspected CMD was due to other etiologies, impairment of LV segmental and global systolic function was significantly more severe in the patients with suspected CMD related to Chagas cardiomyopathy. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; 115(6):1094-1101)

Chagas Cardiomyopathy as the Etiology of Suspected Coronary Microvascular Disease. A Comparison Study with Suspected Coronary Microvascular Disease of Other Etiologies. / Estudo Comparativo da Doença Coronariana Microvascular Causada por Doença de Chagas e por Outras Etiologias.

BACKGROUND: Chagas disease (CD) as neglected secondary form of suspected coronary microvascular dysfunction (CMD). OBJECTIVES: Comparison of patients with CMD related to CD (CMD-CE) versus patients with CMD caused by other etiologies (CMD-OE). METHODS: Of 1292 stable patients referred for invasive coronary angiography to elucidate the hemodynamic pattern and the cause of angina as a cardinal symptom in their medical history, 247 presented normal epicardial coronary arteries and 101 were included after strict exclusion criteria. Of those, 15 had suspected CMD-CE, and their clinical, hemodynamic, angiographic and scintigraphic characteristics were compared to those of the other 86 patients with suspected CDM-OE. Level of significance for all comparisons was p < 0.05. RESULTS: Patients with suspected CMD-CE showed most anthropometric, clinical, angiographic hemodynamic and myocardial perfusion abnormalities that were statistically similar to those detected in the remaining 86 patients with suspected CMD-OE. LV diastolic dysfunction, expressed by elevated LV end-diastolic pressure was equally found in both groups. However, as compared to the group of CMD-OE the group with CMD-CE exhibited lower left ventricular ejection fraction (54.8 ± 15.9 vs 61.1 ± 11.9, p= 0.049) and a more severely impaired index of regional wall motion abnormalities (1.77 ± 0.35 vs 1.18 ± 0.26, p= 0.02) respectively for the CMD-OE and CMD-CE groups. CONCLUSION: Chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy was a secondary cause of suspected coronary microvascular disease in 15% of 101 stable patients whose cardinal symptom was anginal pain warranting coronary angiography. Although sharing several clinical, hemodynamic, and myocardial perfusion characteristics with patients whose suspected CMD was due to other etiologies, impairment of LV segmental and global systolic function was significantly more severe in the patients with suspected CMD related to Chagas cardiomyopathy. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; 115(6):1094-1101).

FUNDAMENTO: A doença de Chagas (DC) constitui uma causa potencial negligenciada de doença microvascular coronariana (DMC). OBJETIVOS: Comparar pacientes com DMC relacionada à DC (DMC-DC) com pacientes com DMC ligada a outras etiologias (DMC-OE). MÉTODOS: De 1292 pacientes estáveis, encaminhados para angiografia coronária invasiva para elucidar o padrão hemodinâmico e a causa de angina, 247 apresentaram coronárias subepicárdicas normais, e 101 foram incluídos após aplicação dos critérios de exclusão. Desses, 15 compuseram o grupo de DMC-DC e suas características clínicas, hemodinâmicas, angiográficas, e cintilográficas foram comparadas às do grupo de 86 pacientes com DMC-OE. O nível de significância estatística para todas as comparações adotado foi de 0,05. RESULTADOS: Pacientes com suspeita de DMC-DC apresentaram características antropométricas, clínicas e angiográficas, além de alterações hemodinâmicas e de perfusão miocárdica estatisticamente comparáveis às detectadas nos 86 pacientes com DMC-OE. Disfunção ventricular diastólica, expressa por elevada pressão telediastólica do ventrículo esquerdo, foi igualmente encontrada nos dois grupos. Entretanto, em comparação a esse grupo com DMC-OE, o grupo com DMC-DC exibiu fração de ejeção ventricular esquerda mais baixa (61,1 ± 11,9 vs 54,8 ± 15,9; p= 0,049) e mais elevado escore de mobilidade da parede ventricular (1,77 ± 0,35 vs 1,18 ± 0,26; p= 0,02). CONCLUSÃO: A cardiomiopatia crônica da doença de Chagas esteve associada à etiologia de possível doença microvascular coronariana em 15% de amostra de 101 pacientes estáveis, cujo sintoma principal era angina requerendo elucidação por angiografia invasiva. Embora os grupos DMC-DC e DMC-OE apresentassem características clínicas, hemodinâmicas, e de perfusão miocárdica em comum, a disfunção global e segmentar do ventrículo esquerdo foi mais grave nos pacientes com DMC associada à DC em comparação à DMC por outras etiologias. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; 115(6):1094-1101).

In-Lab Upfront Use of Tirofiban May Reduce the Occurrence of No-Reflow During Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention. A Pilot Randomized Study.

BACKGROUND:: Despite successful opening of culprit coronary artery, myocardial reperfusion does not always follows primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI). Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors are used in the treatment of no-reflow (NR), but their role to prevent it is unproven. OBJECTIVE:: To evaluate the effect of in-lab administration of tirofiban on the incidence of NR in ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) treated with PPCI. METHODS:: STEMI patients treated with PPCI were randomized (24 tirofiban and 34 placebo) in this double-blinded study to assess the impact of intravenous tirofiban on the incidence of NR after PPCI according to angiographic and electrocardiographic methods. End-points of the study were: TIMI-epicardial flow grade; myocardial blush grade (MBG); resolution of ST-elevation < 70% (RST < 70%) at 90min and 24h after PPCI. RESULTS:: Baseline anthropometric, clinical and angiographic characteristics were balanced between the groups. The occurrence of TIMI flow < 3 was not significantly different between the tirofiban (25%) and placebo (35.3%) groups. MBG ≤ 2 did not occur in the tirofiban group, and was seen in 11.7% of patients in the placebo group (p=0.13). RST < 70% occurred in 41.6% x 55.8% (p=0.42) at 90min and in 29% x 55.9% (p=0.06) at 24h in tirofiban and placebo groups, respectively. Severe NR (RST ≤ 30%) was detected in 0% x 26.5% (p=0.01) at 90 min, and in 4.2% x 23.5% (p=0.06) at 24h in tirofiban and placebo groups, respectively. CONCLUSION:: This pilot study showed a trend toward reduction of NR associated with in-lab upfront use of tirofiban in STEMI patients treated with PPCI and paves the way for a full-scale study testing this hypothesis. FUNDAMENTO:: Mesmo com abertura da artéria coronária culpada bem sucedida, a reperfusão miocárdica nem sempre sucede a intervenção coronariana percutânea primária (ICPP). Inibidores da glicoproteína IIb/IIIa são usados no tratamento do fenômeno de não reperfusão (NR), mas seu papel para preveni-lo não está comprovado. OBJETIVO:: Avaliar o efeito da administração, em laboratório, de tirofibana sobre a incidência de NR em infarto agudo do miocárdio com supra do segmento ST (IAMCSST) tratado com ICPP. MÉTODOS:: Pacientes com IAMCSST tratados com ICPP foram randomizados (24 tirofibana e 34 placebo) neste estudo duplo-cego para avaliar o impacto de tirofibana intravenosa sobre a incidência de NR após ICPP de acordo com métodos angiográficos e eletrocardiográfico. Os desfechos do estudo foram: fluxo epicárdico TIMI (grau), grau de fluxo miocárdico (MBG), resolução da elevação do segmento ST < 70% (RST < 70%) aos 90 minutos e 24 horas após ICPP. RESULTADOS:: Características antropométricas, clínicas e angiográficas basais eram equilibradas entre os grupos. A ocorrência de fluxo TIMI < 3 não foi significativamente diferente entre os grupos tirofibana (25%) e placebo (35,3%). MBG ≤ 2 não ocorreu no grupo tirofibana, e foi detectado em 11,7% dos pacientes do grupo placebo (p=0,13). RST < 70% ocorreu em 41,6% x 55,8% (p=0.42) aos 90 minutos, e em 29% x 55,9% (p=0,06) em 24 horas nos grupos tirofibana e placebo, respectivamente. NR grave (RST ≤ 30%) ocorreu em 0% x 26,5% (p=0,01) aos 90 minutos, e em 4,2% x 23,5% (p=0,06) em 24 horas nos grupos tirofibana e placebo, respectivamente. CONCLUSÃO:: Este estudo piloto mostrou uma tendência de redução de NR associada ao uso, em laboratório, de tirofibana em pacientes com IAMCSST tratados com ICPP, e abre caminho para um estudo em escala real que teste essa hipótese.

In-Lab Upfront Use of Tirofiban May Reduce the Occurrence of No-Reflow During Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention. A Pilot Randomized Study / Uso de Tirofibana em Laboratório pode Reduzir Ocorrência de não Reperfusão Durante Intervenção Coronariana Percutânea Primária. Um Estudo Piloto Randomizado

Abstract Background: Despite successful opening of culprit coronary artery, myocardial reperfusion does not always follows primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI). Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors are used in the treatment of no-reflow (NR), but their role to prevent it is unproven. Objective: To evaluate the effect of in-lab administration of tirofiban on the incidence of NR in ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) treated with PPCI. Methods: STEMI patients treated with PPCI were randomized (24 tirofiban and 34 placebo) in this double-blinded study to assess the impact of intravenous tirofiban on the incidence of NR after PPCI according to angiographic and electrocardiographic methods. End-points of the study were: TIMI-epicardial flow grade; myocardial blush grade (MBG); resolution of ST-elevation < 70% (RST < 70%) at 90min and 24h after PPCI. Results: Baseline anthropometric, clinical and angiographic characteristics were balanced between the groups. The occurrence of TIMI flow < 3 was not significantly different between the tirofiban (25%) and placebo (35.3%) groups. MBG ≤ 2 did not occur in the tirofiban group, and was seen in 11.7% of patients in the placebo group (p=0.13). RST < 70% occurred in 41.6% x 55.8% (p=0.42) at 90min and in 29% x 55.9% (p=0.06) at 24h in tirofiban and placebo groups, respectively. Severe NR (RST ≤ 30%) was detected in 0% x 26.5% (p=0.01) at 90 min, and in 4.2% x 23.5% (p=0.06) at 24h in tirofiban and placebo groups, respectively. Conclusion: This pilot study showed a trend toward reduction of NR associated with in-lab upfront use of tirofiban in STEMI patients treated with PPCI and paves the way for a full-scale study testing this hypothesis.

Resumo Fundamento: Mesmo com abertura da artéria coronária culpada bem sucedida, a reperfusão miocárdica nem sempre sucede a intervenção coronariana percutânea primária (ICPP). Inibidores da glicoproteína IIb/IIIa são usados no tratamento do fenômeno de não reperfusão (NR), mas seu papel para preveni-lo não está comprovado. Objetivo: Avaliar o efeito da administração, em laboratório, de tirofibana sobre a incidência de NR em infarto agudo do miocárdio com supra do segmento ST (IAMCSST) tratado com ICPP. Métodos: Pacientes com IAMCSST tratados com ICPP foram randomizados (24 tirofibana e 34 placebo) neste estudo duplo-cego para avaliar o impacto de tirofibana intravenosa sobre a incidência de NR após ICPP de acordo com métodos angiográficos e eletrocardiográfico. Os desfechos do estudo foram: fluxo epicárdico TIMI (grau), grau de fluxo miocárdico (MBG), resolução da elevação do segmento ST < 70% (RST < 70%) aos 90 minutos e 24 horas após ICPP. Resultados: Características antropométricas, clínicas e angiográficas basais eram equilibradas entre os grupos. A ocorrência de fluxo TIMI < 3 não foi significativamente diferente entre os grupos tirofibana (25%) e placebo (35,3%). MBG ≤ 2 não ocorreu no grupo tirofibana, e foi detectado em 11,7% dos pacientes do grupo placebo (p=0,13). RST < 70% ocorreu em 41,6% x 55,8% (p=0.42) aos 90 minutos, e em 29% x 55,9% (p=0,06) em 24 horas nos grupos tirofibana e placebo, respectivamente. NR grave (RST ≤ 30%) ocorreu em 0% x 26,5% (p=0,01) aos 90 minutos, e em 4,2% x 23,5% (p=0,06) em 24 horas nos grupos tirofibana e placebo, respectivamente. Conclusão: Este estudo piloto mostrou uma tendência de redução de NR associada ao uso, em laboratório, de tirofibana em pacientes com IAMCSST tratados com ICPP, e abre caminho para um estudo em escala real que teste essa hipótese.

Pulmonary varix: A case report.

The authors report a case of multiple pulmonary varices, a rare disease characterized by aneurysmatic venous dilatations, which can be present at any age and without gender predominance, occurring in isolation or associated with obstruction of the pulmonary veins. This condition usually manifests as a lung mass with variable clinical consequences.

Use of the pressure wire method for measuring pulmonary arterial pressures in patients with pulmonary atresia.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to analyse the use of the pressure wire for the acquisition of intravascular pulmonary pressures in the presence of pulmonary atresia and systemic-dependent pulmonary blood flow. METHODS: In this study, we included patients with pulmonary atresia and systemic-dependent pulmonary circulation referred for diagnostic catheterisation for evaluation of pulmonary pressures during the period from April, 2012 to April, 2013. The systemic-pulmonary collateral arteries were selectively catheterised, and in the absence of a critical stenosis angiographically determined; the pressure wire was introduced in these arteries to reach the main pulmonary artery, and/or lobar, and segmental branches. Aortic and pulmonary pressures were simultaneously obtained. We evaluated the feasibility and safety of the method. RESULTS: We studied 10 patients (age 21 days to 11 years). In all of them, the pressures of pulmonary circulation - main artery, and/or lobar, and segmental branches - were successfully measured with the pressure wire. Of eight patients with indication for Rastelli surgery, the pulmonary pressures were considered normal in five, and slightly increased in three. In two patients requiring univentricular correction - total cavopulmonary anastomosis - the diastolic pressure was increased (20 mmHg). All procedures were performed without haemodynamic instability, cardiac arrhythmia, systemic saturation reduction, death, or any other complication. CONCLUSION: Measurement of pulmonary vascular pressures using the pressure wire in small patients with pulmonary atresia is safe and effective. It allows the acquisition of reliable pressure curves, even in the presence of small vessels, bending and tortuosity, without the risk usually associated with the use of conventional diagnostic catheters.

Relato preliminar sobre a concentração sanguínea de níquel após oclusão percutânea de comunicação interatrial com a prótese cocoon® / Preliminary report of serum nickel concentration after atrial septal defect occlusion with the cocoonTM device

Introdução: A possibilidade de ocorrer liberação de níquel na corrente sanguínea após implante de dispositivos oclusores de comunicação interatrial de última geração (Cocoon Septal Occluder®), cujo principal componente é o nitinol (55% de níquel e 45% de titânio), ainda permanece controversa, principalmente em determinados grupos de pacientes, como crianças e mulheres em idade fértil. Dessa maneira, o objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a correlação entre o implante da prótese e os níveis séricos de níquel. Métodos: Estudo prospectivo de coorte, longitudinal e observacional, realizado em um hospital público. Pacientes submetidos à oclusão percutânea de comunicação interatrial foram avaliados clinicamente, por meio de ecocardiograma transtorácico, e foi feita coleta de amostras de sangue em veia periférica, para a dosagem do níquel antes e após (1 dia, 1 e 3 meses) o implante. Resultados: O procedimento e os exames subsequentes foram realizados com sucesso em dez pacientes, com média de idade de 34,4 anos (variação de 5 a 60 anos). O ecocardiograma seriado comprovou a manutenção dos resultados adequados do implante dos dispositivos. Os pacientes não apresentaram manifestações que pudessem sugerir reação ao metal, como rash cutâneo, dispneia, desconforto torácico, palpitações ou migrânea. Níveis séricos de níquel não apresentaram variação significativa e se mantiveram dentro dos limites de normalidade populacional dos métodos de dosagem até os 3 meses decorridos do procedimento. Conclusões: Os resultados preliminares desta investigação com a prótese Cocoon demonstraram que, durante o período inicial de endotelização após o procedimento, não ocorreu liberação apreciável de níquel para a corrente sanguínea...

Background: The possibility of nickel release to the bloodstream after implantation of latest generation atrial septal defect occlusion devices (Cocoon Septal OccluderTM), whose main component is nitinol (55% nickel and 45% titanium), remains controversial, especially in certain groups of patients such as children and women of childbearing age. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the correlation between the device implantation and serum levels of nickel. Methods: This was a prospective longitudinal observational study conducted at a public hospital. Patients undergoing percutaneous atrial septal defect occlusion were clinically evaluated using transthoracic echocardiography and peripheral vein blood sampling for serum nickel before and after (1 day, 1 and 3 months) implantation. Results: The procedure and subsequent examinations were successfully performed in ten patients, with mean age of 34.4 years (range 5 to 60 years). Serial echocardiography confirmed the maintenance of adequate results of the procedure. Patients did not show manifestations that might suggest a reaction to metal, such as skin rash, dyspnea, thoracic discomfort, palpitations or migraine. Serum nickel levels did not show any significant changes and remained within the normal range for the population, according to the dosing methods within 3 months of the procedure. Conclusions: Preliminary results of this investigation with the Cocoon device have shown that during the initial period of endothelization after the procedure there was no significant nickel release into the bloodstream...

Fase Piloto do Estudo SPECTRUM. Reserva de Fluxo Fracionada Versus Angiografia para Avaliação e Conduta em Pacientes com Lesões Obstrutivas Coronárias de Grau Moderado: Racional e Desenho do Estudo / Pilot Phase of the SPECTRUM Trial. Fractional Flow Reserve vs. Angiography for Evaluation and Management of Patients with Intermediate Coronary Stenosis: Rationale and Study Design

Introdução: A despeito de suas reconhecidas limitações, a angiografia coronária invasiva é o método mais usado (muitas vezes único) para a adoção de estratégias terapêuticas em pacientes submetidos a cateterismo cardíaco diagnóstico. A mensuração de reserva de fluxo fracionada (FFR) tem sido empregada em diversos estudos, fundamentalmente no contexto de pacientes em que a avaliação angiográfica per se indica a necessidade de intervenção sobre as lesões coronárias. No entanto, o método praticamente não foi ainda testado em condições opostas, no cenário clínico em que as obstruções, angiograficamente, não indicariam intervenções. O propósito deste trabalho, a ser realizado de forma piloto em dois centros, é testar a hipótese de que também para lesões intermediárias, nas quais a angiografia não demonstra necessidade de intervenção coronária, a medida de FFR resultaria em alteração da conduta terapêutica baseada em angiografia. Métodos: Serão incluídos pacientes consecutivos e clinicamente estáveis, com doença coronária em segmento proximal e/ou médio de um ou mais vasos epicárdicos (diâmetro > 2,5 mm), apresentando obstruções entre 40 e 70%, por estimativa visual. Em seguida, a conduta terapêutica (clínica ou intervencionista) baseada em angiografia, relativamente a essas lesões, será ...

Background: Despite its well-known limitations, invasive coronary angiography remains the most used, and often times the only method used to define treatment strategies in patients undergoing diagnostic cardiac catheterization. Measurement of coronary fractional flow reserve (FFR) has been used in several studies in patients for whom an interventional the rapy strategy was determined based on angiography. However, this method has not been tested in the opposite scenario, in which the angiographic evaluation does not indicate the need for interventions. The purpose of this pilot study, to be performed in two sites, is to test the hypothesis that for intermediate injuries, in which angiography does not indicate the need for coronary intervention, measurement of FFR might change the therapeutic approach based on angiography. Methods: Consecutive clinically stable patients, with coronary disease in the proximal or middle segment of one or more epicardial vessels (diameter > 2.5 mm), with injuries between 40 and 70% by visual estimation will be enrolled in this trial. The treatment approach (clinical or interventional) based on angiography will be defined independently and by consensus of two observers. Thereafter, patients in both groups will be randomized into two subgroups: (1) maintenance of the angiography-based therapeutic strategy; and (2) use of FFR to define therapeutic strategy. Patients with FFR < 0.80 will be treated by percutaneous or surgical revascularization, whereas patients with FFR ≥ 0.80 ...

Uso do Sistema Manométrico Miniaturizado Pressure-Wire em Cardiopatias Estruturais Congênitas e Adquiridas / Use of the Miniature Pressure-Wire Manometric System in Congenital and Acquired Structural Heart Diseases

Introdução: Historicamente, o registro de pressões intravasculares contribuiu para o desenvolvimento da cardiologia intervencionista. Embora atualmente novos recursos de imagem sejam preponderantes, a medida acurada de pressões intravasculares ainda é essencial em muitos contextos diagnósticos e de aferição de métodos terapêuticos intervencionistas. Descrevemos a utilização do sistema manométrico miniaturizado (pressure-wire) para obtenção de curvas pressóricas em cardiopatias estruturais congênitas e adquiridas. Métodos: Foram utilizados os sistemas RADI Analyzer® Xpress (St. Jude Medical Inc., St. Paul, Minnesota, Estados Unidos) e PressureWire® Certus durante procedimentos com cateteres diagnósticos 5 F realizados sob anestesia geral e suporte ventilatório em crianças. Traçados manométricos foram obtidos simultaneamente com o pressure-wire e o cateter 5 F em pacientes para os quais era imperativa a decisão terapêutica com base em análise das pressões intravasculares e nos quais não era possível obtê-las acuradamente pelos métodos convencionais. Resultados: O pressure-wire foi utilizado para obtenção de pressões intravasculares pulmonares em pacientes com colaterais sistêmico-pulmonares, com estenoses angiográficas ou não, e com variadas cardiopatias estruturais, na avaliação de estenoses de ramos pulmonares, na localização de estenoses de condutos cirúrgicos (por exemplo: após cirurgia de Rastelli), shunts cirúrgicos (como de Blalock-Taussig) e na avaliação pré-operatória de derivações cavo-pulmonares. O procedimento foi realizado com segurança, tendo sido obtidos traçados manométricos com qualidade adequada. Conclusões: O sistema manométrico miniaturizado está consagrado no cenário da cardiologia intervencionista, enquanto modalidade diagnóstica complementar para avaliação funcional de lesões coronárias. Esse sistema também constitui método diagnóstico complementar em diversas cardiopatias estruturais, congênitas e adquiridas.

Background: Historically, intravascular pressure recording has contributed to the development of interventional cardiology. Although new imaging resources have gained much attention, accurate intravascular pressure measurement remains essential for the diagnosis and evaluation of interventional therapy methods. We describe the use of the miniature manometric system (pressure-wire) to obtain pressure curves in congenital and acquired structural heart diseases. Methods: The Radi Analyzer® Xpress (St. Jude Medical Inc., St. Paul, MN, USA) and PressureWire®Certus systems were used in procedures with 5 F catheters under eneral anesthesia and ventilatory support in children. Manometric tracings were obtained simultaneously from pressure-wire and the 5 F catheter in patients whose therapy strategies were dependent on the analysis of intravascular pressures, and in whom was not possible to obtain them accurately by conventional methods. Results: Pressure-wire was used to obtain pulmonary intravascular pressures in patients with systemic-pulmonary collaterals with or without angiographically detected stenosis, and with different structural heart diseases, in the evaluation of pulmonary branch stenosis, in the localization of surgical conduit stenosis (e.g. after Rastelli surgery), surgical shunts (such as Blalock-Taussig) and in the preoperative evaluation of cavo-pulmonary shunts. The procedure was performed safely, and manometric tracings were obtained with an adequate quality. Conclusions: The miniature manometric system is well accepted as a complementary diagnostic modality for the functional assessment of coronary lesions in interventional cardiology. It is also a complementary diagnostic method in different structural, congenital and acquired heart diseases.

Oclusão percutânea de comunicação interatrial tipo ostium secundum com prótese memopart® / Percutaneous closure of ostium secundum atrial septal defect using the memopart™ occlusion device

INTRODUÇÃO: Os autores relatam a experiência inicial da oclusão da comunicação interatrial ostium secundum (CIA) com a utilização da prótese Memopart® (Shanghai Shape Memory Alloy Co Ltd, Shanghai, China). MÉTODOS: Estudo prospectivo observacional, no qual uma série de pacientes portadores de defeitos com significativa repercussão hemodinâmica e características anatômicas favoráveis ao implante foi submetida à oclusão percutânea de CIA. O procedimento foi realizado por via femoral percutânea, pela técnica habitual. O período de seguimento foi de 10,3 ± 5 meses, com controles clínicos e ecocardiográficos 24 horas (ou antes da alta hospitalar), 1, 3, 6 e 12 meses após o implante. RESULTADOS: No período de fevereiro de 2012 a abril de 2013, foram submetidos à oclusão percutânea de CIA 21 pacientes, sendo 16 do sexo feminino, com idade média de 33,1 ± 18,7 anos. O diâmetro médio do defeito foi de 19,04 ± 6,25 mm e o tamanho da prótese foi de 21,42 ± 6,73 mm (8 a 34 mm). O implante foi realizado com êxito em todos os casos, verificando-se oclusão total no controle antes da alta hospitalar. No seguimento, todos os pacientes estiveram assintomáticos e comprovou-se a persistência da oclusão total do defeito. Não houve mortalidade e nem outras complicações na série. CONCLUSÕES: A oclusão percutânea da CIA utilizando-se prótese Memopart® é um procedimento eficaz e seguro, dentro dos limites desta investigação. O implante da prótese é simples e apresenta alto índice de oclusão imediata, inclusive de defeitos de grandes dimensões.

BACKGROUND: The authors report their initial experience with the Memopart™ device (Shanghai Shape Memory Alloy Co Ltd, Shanghai, China) for the occlusion of secundum atrial septal defect (ASD). METHODS: This was a prospective observational study of a series of patients undergoing percutaneous occlusion of ASD with right ventricle volume overload and favorable anatomic characteristics. The procedure was performed by percutaneous femoral approach. The mean follow-up was 10.3 ± 5 months, with clinical and 24-hour echocardiographic evaluations (or before hospital discharge), 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after implantation. RESULTS: From February/2012 to April/2013, 21 patients, 16 females, mean age 33.1 ± 18.7 years, were submitted to percutaneous occlusion of an ASD. The average diameter of the defect was 19.04 ± 6.25 mm and the device size was 21.42 ± 6.73 mm (8 to 34 mm). Total occlusion of the defect was observed in all cases before hospital discharge. During follow-up, all patients were asymptomatic and without residual shunt. There was no deaths or any other complications in the series. CONCLUSIONS: The percutaneous closure of ASD using a Memopart™ device is an effective and safe procedure within the limits of this investigation. The device is user-friendly and has a high rate of immediate occlusion, even in large defects.