Comparison of instep and non-instep flap in the reconstruction of the weight-bearing portion of the forefoot and heel.

BACKGROUND: Instep flaps are commonly used for the reconstruction of weight-bearing areas of the foot. However, in cases of large defects or damage to the instep area, non-instep flaps such as reverse sural flaps (RSF) or free anterolateral thigh flaps (ALTF) can be employed. Previous studies have primarily focused on heel reconstruction when comparing different flaps, without considering the forefoot. This study aims to verify the clinical outcomes of these flaps and determine the appropriate donor site for weight-bearing areas of the foot including forefoot reconstruction. METHODS: In a retrospective study, 39 patients who had undergone flap reconstruction of weight-bearing area defects in the foot with a follow-up period of ≥1 year were included. The patients were categorized into two groups: Group A (n = 19) using instep flaps, and Group B (n = 20) using non-instep flap including RSFs and ALTFs. Surgical outcomes were assessed based on the success of the flap, the presence of partial necrosis, the number of additional surgeries, and complications related to the donor site. Clinical evaluation included visual analogue scale (VAS) and American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) score, and the occurrence of ulcers. RESULTS: All flaps were successful, while partial necrosis occurred in one case in Group B. There were three reclosures after flap border debridement in both groups and one donor site debridement in Group A. The VAS scores during weight-bearing were 2.0 ± 1.1 and 2.2 ± 1.5 for Groups A and B, respectively (p = .716). The AOFAS scores were 52.8 ± 6.8 and 50.2 ± 12.7 for Groups A and B, respectively (p = .435). The occurrence of ulcers was 0.4 ± 0.9 times for Group A and 0.3 ± 0.7 times for Group B, with no significant difference between the two groups (p = .453). CONCLUSION: There was no difference in clinical outcomes between the types of flaps after reconstruction of the forefoot and hindfoot. Therefore, it is recommended to choose the appropriate flap based on factors such as the size of the defect, its location, and vascular status rather than the type of flap.

Novel figure-of-eight reconstruction with free tendon graft for unrepairable collateral ligament of the thumb metacarpophalangeal joint.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to report surgical technique and clinical outcomes for a novel figure-of-eight collateral ligament reconstruction technique using palmaris longus autograft for chronic irreparable collateral ligament injury of the thumb metacarpophalangeal joint. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The Jobe elbow collateral ligament reconstruction method was adapted for thumb metacarpophalangeal joint collateral ligament reconstruction. Sixteen reconstructions (7 ulnar collateral ligament, 9 radial collateral ligament) using palmaris longus autograft were reviewed retrospectively. Surgery was performed at a mean 12 months post-injury. All 16 patients were followed up for more than 1 year. Metacarpophalangeal joint radial and ulnar deviation, metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal joint range of motion, key pinch and grip strength, Glickel functional grade and QuickDASH score were evaluated. RESULTS: Preoperative radial or ulnar deviation improved from 19.3° to 5.3° postoperatively. Metacarpophalangeal range of motion improved from 31.5° to 46.6°, and interphalangeal range of motion from 48.4° to 65.6°. Preoperative key pinch and grip strength were respectively 49% and 81% of contralateral values and improved to 82% and 87%. On Glickel grade, 9 cases were excellent and 7 good. CONCLUSION: The novel Jobe-like figure-of-eight reconstruction technique using palmaris longus graft was useful for reconstructing irreparable thumb metacarpophalangeal joint instability without an incision on the opposite side or an additional implant. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic study, level IV.

Risk factors for nonunion in patients with transcondylar fracture of the distal humerus after open reduction and internal fixation.

BACKGROUND: Transcondylar fractures have been reported to rarely occur in the distal humerus, and stable fixation is difficult because of the unique fracture pattern. However, few studies have reported the risk factors for nonunion after open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF). This study aimed to evaluate the demographic and surgical risk factors for nonunion in patients who had undergone ORIF for transcondylar fractures. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 68 patients who underwent ORIF for transcondylar fractures. Preoperative demographic factors, including diabetes mellitus (DM) and smoking, and operative factors, including fixation methods (eg, dual plate/single plate/tension band wiring [TBW]) were assessed as risk factors for nonunion. RESULTS: Nonunion occurred in 8 out of 68 patients (11.8%). Univariate analysis revealed that among the demographic factors, DM (4/8 [50%] vs. 8/60 [13.3%], P = .028) and smoking (3/8 [37.5%] vs. 4/60 [6.7%], P = .031) were significantly different between nonunion and union patients. Regarding operative factors, the fixation method (dual plate/single plate/TBW; 2 [25.0%]/2 [25.0%]/4 [50%] vs. 29 [48.3%]/25 [41.7%]/6 [10.0%], P = .033) showed significant differences between nonunion and union patients. Multivariate regression analysis showed that DM (odds ratio [OR], 10.560; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.308-85.247; P = .027), smoking (OR 22.371; 95% CI, 2.111-237.081; P = .010), and TBW (OR 15.390; 95% CI, 1.348-175.666; P = .028) were independent risk factors for nonunion. CONCLUSIONS: Nonunion occurred in approximately 12% of the patients who underwent ORIF in the transcondylar region of the distal humerus. The risk of nonunion was higher in patients with DM than those who smoked. In addition, among the fixation methods, the TBW technique was a significant risk factor for nonunion.

Ulnar-Sided Sclerosis of the Lunate Does Not Affect Outcomes in Patients Undergoing Volar Locking Plate Fixation for Distal Radius Fracture.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Radial shortening after distal radius fracture causes ulnar impaction, and a mild reduction loss of radial height occurs even after volar locking plate fixation. This study aimed to determine whether preoperative ulnar-sided sclerosis affects clinical outcomes after volar locking plate fixation for distal radius fracture (DRF). METHOD: Among 369 patients who underwent volar locking plate fixation for DRF, 18 with preoperative ulnar-sided sclerosis of the lunate were included in Group A and compared to a 1:4 age-, sex- and fracture-pattern-matched cohort without sclerosis (72 patients, Group B). The visual analog scale (VAS), Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (DASH) score, and grip strength were assessed as clinical outcomes. Ulnar variance (UV), radial inclination, radial length, and volar tilt at two weeks after surgery and the final follow-up were measured as radiographic outcomes. RESULTS: The mean VAS and DASH scores and grip strength did not differ between the two groups. The mean UV at two weeks after surgery and the last follow-up was significantly higher in Group A. The mean changes in UV were +0.62 mm in Group A and +0.48 mm in Group B. There were no significant intergroup differences. Neither UV nor its changes showed any association with DASH and VAS scores. CONCLUSIONS: Preoperative ulnar-sided sclerosis of the lunate did not affect clinical outcomes after volar locking plate fixation, even if UV increased postoperatively.

Arthroscopic Broström-Gould repair has comparable radiological and clinical outcomes compared to traditional open Broström-Gould repair in high-demand patients.

PURPOSE: This study sought to confirm whether traditional open Broström-Gould repair and arthroscopic Broström-Gould repair for chronic ankle instability (CAI) would produce comparable radiological and clinical outcomes in high-demand patients. METHODS: This retrospective case-cohort study included high-demand patients, as determined by a pre-injury Tegner Activity Level ≥ 6, who underwent Broström-Gould repair and were followed up for ≥ 2 years. Patients were divided into the arthroscopic Broström-Gould repair group (AS Group) and the open Broström-Gould repair group (Open Group). Perioperative radiological assessments were performed. The Tegner Activity Levels, Foot and Ankle Outcome Scores (FAOSs), Karlsson and Peterson (K-P) scores, and American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society ankle-hindfoot (AOFAS) scores were evaluated clinically. RESULTS: A total of 65 patients (31 from the AS Group and 34 from the Open Group) were included in the study. There were no differences in age, sex, body mass index, preoperative anterior talar translation, talar tilt, signal-to-noise ratio, FAOS, K-P score, or AOFAS score between the two groups (n.s.). The preinjury median Tegner Activity Level was 7 and unchanged at the final follow-up in both groups. Postoperative stress radiographs showed improvement; however, the groups did not differ significantly. The FAOS, K-P scores, and AOFAS scores improved in each group (P < 0.001). However, the clinical scores did not differ between the groups (all n.s.). CONCLUSIONS: Traditional open and arthroscopic Broström-Gould repair for CAI in high-demand patients had comparable radiological and clinical outcomes. Clinically, arthroscopic Broström-Gould repair may represent a viable surgical alternative to open Broström-Gould repair in high-demand patients. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III.

Complications associated with open reduction and internal fixation for adult distal humerus fractures: a multicenter retrospective study.

BACKGROUND: Open reduction and plate fixation are the preferred treatment options for most distal humerus fractures in adults. However, it is often challenging for orthopedic surgeons because of the complex anatomy and the difficulty in achieving stable fixation. This multicenter study aimed to analyze the complication types and rates of patients with distal humerus fractures treated with open reduction and plate fixation, and compare the results with those found in the literature. In addition, we describe the clinical outcomes. METHODS: This retrospective multicenter study was conducted between September 2001 and March 2021 and included data from four hospitals. In total, 349 elbows underwent surgical treatment at these hospitals during the study period. Patients > 17 years of age who were treated by plate fixation were included, and patients who were treated by other fixation methods were excluded. A total of 170 patients were included in the study. The following types of complications were investigated: (1) nerve related; (2) fixation and instrument related; (3) osteosynthesis related; (4) infection; and (5) others. RESULTS: The following complications were found: (1) 26 (15.3%) cases of postoperative ulnar nerve symptoms; 4 (2.4%) of postoperative radial nerve symptoms; (2) one (0.6%) case of screw joint penetration and screw loosening; and eight (4.7%) cases of hardware removal due to instrument skin irritation; (3) seven (4.1%) cases of nonunion; (4) two (1.2%) and four (2.2%) cases of superficial and deep infection, respectively, and seven (3.9%) cases of wound complication; and (5) 37 (21.8%) cases of heterotrophic ossification, 79 (46.5%) cases of elbow stiffness (did not achieve functional range of motion [ROM]), and 41 (24.1%) cases of osteoarthritis over Broberg and Morrey Grade I. Paradoxically, the postoperative ulnar nerve symptoms were more frequent in the prophylactic ulnar nerve anterior transposition group. However, this difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.086). The mean ROM was 123.5° flexion to 9.5° extension. The average Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) score was 14.5 ± 15.6. CONCLUSIONS: Open reduction and plate fixation for distal humeral fractures is a reasonable treatment option with acceptable complication rates and favorable clinical outcomes. Surgeons must be vigilant about ulnar nerve complications. Level of Evidence Therapeutic Level III.

Osteosarcoma Arising in Fibrous Dysplasia of the Long Bone: Characteristic Images and Molecular Profiles.

Fibrous dysplasia (FD) is a benign fibro-osseous lesion that frequently involves the craniofacial bones and femur. Malignant transformation of FD is a rare occurrence. We report a 38-year-old woman with osteosarcoma (OS) arising from FD of the femur. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a well-defined lesion in the medulla of the femur, with cortical thinning and local bone destruction. Wide excision of the femur was performed. Grossly, the inner part of the mass was hard and tan-gray in color, and the outer part of the mass adjacent to the cortex showed myxoid discoloration with infiltrative borders. Microscopically, most of the tumor consisted of curvilinear woven bone and fibrous stroma with bland spindle cells, which transitioned to the outer portion of the tumor, showing cellular proliferation of pleomorphic cells with frequent mitotic activity. Next-generation sequencing revealed GNAS and TP53 mutations, and the diagnosis of OS arising from FD was strongly supported. This case highlights the characteristic images and molecular features of the malignant transformation of FD.

Comparative Study of A1 Pulley Release and Ulnar Superficialis Slip Resection in Trigger Finger With Flexion Contracture of the Proximal Interphalangeal Joint.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to compare the clinical outcomes of A1 pulley release with ulnar superficialis slip resection (group A) and simple A1 pulley release (group B) in trigger finger with flexion contracture of the proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint. METHODS: From January 2016 to December 2019, the 2 surgical procedures were performed alternately every year for trigger fingers with preoperative PIP joint flexion contractures of ≥10°. Twenty-six fingers in group A and 29 fingers in group B that were followed up for >1 year were reviewed in this retrospective study. The visual analog scale (VAS) score; Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (DASH) score; degree of PIP joint flexion contracture; grip strength; and pinch strength were measured after surgery and compared. RESULTS: The differences in postoperative PIP joint flexion contracture between groups were <4° at 2 and 6 weeks, and there were no clinically relevant differences at 6 weeks and 12 months. At the final follow-up, PIP joint flexion contractures of 5° were observed in 2 fingers in each group. The difference in VAS scores between groups was less than half of a point until 3 months, and there were no clinically relevant differences at 6 weeks and 12 months. The DASH score did not show any difference between groups at the final follow-up. There were clinically relevant differences in the grip and pinch strengths between groups at 6 weeks. However, there were no clinically relevant differences at the final follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Proximal interphalangeal joint flexion contracture measurements and clinical scores did not differ between groups at the final follow-up. Therefore, we recommend use of a simple A1 pulley release, which is simpler than an A1 pulley release with ulnar superficialis slip resection, in cases of trigger finger with PIP joint flexion contracture. TYPE OF STUDY/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic IV.

Characteristics of surgically treated Guyon canal syndrome: A multicenter retrospective study.

Guyon canal (GC) syndrome is a rare peripheral neuropathy involving the distal part of the ulnar nerve. Several causes are associated with GC syndrome, including anatomic variations, space-occupying tumors, and trauma. Because of disease rarity, the only reported studies of GC syndrome are case series with small sample size. We conducted a multicenter study to identify the basic characteristics of patients with surgically treated GC syndrome and the risk factors for the disease. This retrospective multicenter study was conducted between January 2001 and December 2020. We screened 70 patients who underwent GC release surgery by seven hand surgeons at six institutes. A total of 56 patients were included in this study, including 38 patients (67.9%) who underwent isolated GC decompression and 18 (32.1%) who underwent combined peripheral nerve decompression. The mean patient age was 48.4 years (range: 20-89 years), and 40 patients (71.4%) were male. The average preoperative symptom duration was 18.5 months, and most patients were office workers. Ultrasound was positive for GC syndrome in 7/10 patients evaluated, CT in 2/5, MRI in 17/23, and electrodiagnostic studies in 35/44. The most common cause of GC syndrome was tumor (n = 23), followed by idiopathic (n = 17), trauma (n = 12), anatomic variants (n = 3), and inflammation (n = 3). In conclusion, most patients with GC syndrome in this study were male and had symptoms in one wrist. The most common cause of GC syndrome in this study was a tumor, including a ganglion cyst. Level of Evidence: Level IV case series.

Risk Factors for Non-Union after Open Reduction and Internal Fixation in Patients with Distal Humerus Fractures.

BACKGROUND: Only a few studies have reported on the risk factors for non-union after open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) in distal humerus fractures. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 155 patients who underwent ORIF for distal humerus fractures from January 2008 to June 2020. Various patient factors, including body mass index (BMI), diabetes mellitus (DM), and combined fracture, as well as surgical factors, including fixation methods (e.g., orthogonal plate/parallel plate/single plate/tension bend wiring [TBW]) and combined fracture operations, were evaluated as risk factors for non-unions. RESULTS: Among the patient factors, BMI (25.0 ± 3.4 vs. 22.7 ± 3.4, p = 0.032), DM (5/13 [38.5%] vs. 20/142 [14.1%], p = 0.038) and combined fracture (5/13 [38.5%] vs. 16/142 [11.3%], p = 0.018) were significantly different between groups with non-union and union. Among the surgical factors, combined fracture operation (5 [38.5%] vs. 9 [6.3%], p = 0.002) and the fixation method (3 [23.1%]/1 [7.7%]/4 [30.8%]/5 [38.5%] vs. 84 [59.2%]/7 [4.9%]/40 [28.2%]/11 [7.7%], p = 0.005) showed a significant difference between groups with non-union and union. Multivariate regression analysis showed that combined fracture operation (OR 10.467; 95% CI 1.880-58.257; p = 0.007) and TBW (OR 9.176; 95% CI 1.474-57.135; p = 0.018) among the fixation methods posed as a significant risk factor for non-union. CONCLUSIONS: The risk of non-union increased in patients who underwent surgery for another fracture combined with distal humerus fracture and in patients who underwent ORIF with TBW.

Dorsal plating versus volar plating with limited dorsal open reduction in the management of AO type C3 distal radius fractures with impacted articular fragments: A retrospective comparative study.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to compare the outcomes of dorsal plating versus volar plating with limited dorsal open reduction in the management of AO type C3 distal radius fractures with impacted articular fragments. METHODS: Thirty patients who underwent dorsal plating (Group A) (14 females, 16 males; mean age = 56.8 ± 10.1 years) and 28 who underwent volar plating with limited dorsal open reduction (Group B) (12 females, 16 males; mean age = 55.6 ± 17.7 years) for type C3 distal radius fractures with impacted articular fragments between 2006 and 2019 were retrospectively analyzed. The mean follow-up was 14.5 ± 3.2 months in group A and 13.2 ± 2.4 months in group B. The articular step-off, articular gap and joint penetration by screws on the computed tomography scans were used for radiologic evaluation. The functional outcomes were evaluated with range of motion, grip power, Quick Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (DASH) score, and Mayo wrist score. RESULTS: No significant difference was found in the step-off distance at 1 year after surgery between the two groups (P < 0.05). The ranges of extension, rotation, and radial and ulnar deviations did not differ between the groups. However, group B had a significantly higher range of flexion in the wrist joint than Group A (P = 0.010). The grip power, DASH score, and Mayo wrist score did not also differ between the groups. Implant removal owing to any discomfort at the operative site was performed in 15 patients (63%) in Group A and 7 patients (28%) in Group B. CONCLUSION: Similar clinical results can be obtained by both dorsal plating and volar plating with limited dorsal open reduction in treating type C3 distal radius fractures with impacted articular fragments. However, volar plating with limited dorsal open reduction can provide better wrist flexion with a low incidence of complications associated with implantation. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III, Therapeutic Study.

Wrist Reconstruction Using Free Vascularized Fibular Head Graft Following Intralesional Excision for Campanacci Grade 3 Giant Cell Tumors Involving the Articular Surface of the Distal Radius.

Reconstruction with a free vascularized fibular head graft after en bloc excision of a Campanacci grade 3 giant cell tumor of bone in the distal radius can effectively control local recurrence. However, it leads to the loss of wrist movement, subsequent radiocarpal subluxation, and an osteoarthritic change. Another treatment option for grade 3 lesions is intralesional excision and cementation, which preserves wrist movement but does not restore the articular surface. We report a case of wrist reconstruction using a free vascularized fibular head graft after the intralesional excision of a Campanacci grade 3 giant cell tumor of bone with invasion of the articular surface of the distal radius. In patients with this type of a lesion, wrist reconstruction using a free vascularized fibular head graft after intralesional excision can help prevent local tumor recurrence, restore the articular surface, and maintain movements of the wrist joint.

Extension Block Pinning versus percutaneous Fragment Reduction with a Towel Clip and extension Block Pinning with direct Pin Fixation for Treatment of Mallet Fracture.

PURPOSE: This study compared the clinical and radiographic results between extension block pinning (Group A) and percutaneous reduction of the dorsal fragment with a towel clip followed by extension block pinning with direct pin fixation (Group B) for the treatment of mallet fractures. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 69 patients (group A = 34 patients, group B = 35 patients) who underwent operative treatment for mallet fractures from June 2008 to November 2017 with ≥ 6 months post-surgical follow-up were analysed retrospectively. The extent of subluxation of the distal interphalangeal joint, articular involvement of fracture fragment, fracture gap, and articular step-off were examined on plain radiographs before and after surgery. The functional outcomes were evaluated with the Crawford rating system. RESULTS: The postoperative step-offs were 0.16 mm in group A and 0.01 mm in group B. Group B had a significantly better anatomical outcome than group A. Five patients in group A had a loss of reduction. Among them, two had malunion and post-traumatic arthritis. Meanwhile, no patients in group B presented with loss of reduction and nonunion. The mean extension lags were 4.2° in group A and 1.6° in group B. However, functional outcome did not differ between the two groups at the final follow-up. CONCLUSION: Fracture reduction using a towel clip and extension block pinning with direct pin insertion for mallet fracture facilitated the anatomical reduction of fragments, and allowed for stable fixation of fragments. Compared with extension block pinning technique, this technique has shown better anatomical results and stability, but not better clinical results.

Factors Affecting the Occurrence of Late Median Nerve Neuropathy After Open Reduction and Volar Locking Plate Fixation of Distal Radius Fracture.

It is well-known that late median nerve neuropathy can occur after open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) of distal radius fracture (DRF). The current study investigated the predictive factors of late median nerve neuropathy after ORIF with a volar locking plate for DRF. The authors retrospectively reviewed 712 patients who underwent ORIF using a volar locking plate after DRF at 3 medical institutions between 2006 and 2017. Thirty-seven (5.2%) patients developed late median nerve neuropathy at a mean of 8.25±3.47 months (range, 3-19 months) after surgery. The radiographic data of 37 patients (group A) who had late median nerve neuropathy were compared with those of 148 patients (group B) who did not. Group A had a significantly higher proportion of type C3 fracture and Soong grade 2 than group B. Postoperative dorsal tilt in group A was greater than that in group B. On multivariable logistic regression analysis, the following predictive factors were associated with late median nerve neuropathy: increased postoperative dorsal tilt and Soong grade 2. The development of late median nerve neuropathy after ORIF using a volar locking plate for DRF was associated with increased postoperative dorsal tilt and the plate being placed distal to the volar rim. Physicians should consider the possibility of late median nerve neuropathy in patients with these factors during follow-up. [Orthopedics. 2021;44(3):e367-e372.].

Parosteal Lipoma Associated with a Growing Osteochondroma of the Right Ilium.

Parosteal lipoma is a rare type of lipoma, the incidence being approximately 0.3% of all lipomas. Moreover, parosteal lipoma coexisting with osteochondroma is extremely rare. A few cases with coexistence of osteochondroma and parosteal lipoma have been reported and they were thought to be reactive changes of adjacent bone by parosteal lipoma. However, temporal relationship of these tumors could not be explained. Here, we report a case of parosteal lipoma associated with osteochondroma of the right ilium developed over 6 years, with follow-up radiographs.

Complications associated with volar locking plate fixation for distal radius fractures in 1955 cases: A multicentre retrospective study.

PURPOSE: Since volar locking plates (VLPs) have the benefits of more stable fixation and fewer complications, VLP osteosynthesis is now the preferred osteosynthesis method in the operative management of distal radius fractures (DRF). Along with the increases in operative management of VLP, the character and frequency of complications have changed. Thus, this multicentre study aimed to identify the characteristics of patients with DRFs who were treated with VLP fixation, describe the complication types and rates related to the procedure, and compare the results with those found in the literature. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This retrospective multicentre study was conducted between January 2008 and December 2017. In total, data from 2225 patients over 17 years old who underwent VLP fixation for DRF were screened. Patients with closed reduction and pinning, external fixation, dorsal plate fixation, and screw-only fixation were excluded. Finally, 1955 wrists from 1921 patients (86.3%) were included. The following types of complications were investigated: (1) tendon injury, (2) nerve-related, (3) fixation- and instrument-related, (4) osteosynthesis-related, (5) infection, and (6) others. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was 60.3 ± 14.6 years with 587 males (30.6%). Distal ulnar fractures were found in 940 wrists (48.1%). The mean interval between fracture and surgery was 6.2 days, while the mean operative time was 68.3 ± 30.3 minutes. The following complications were found: (1) nine (0.46%) and 12 (0.61%) cases of flexor pollicis longus and complete extensor pollicis longus tears, respectively; (2) nine cases (0.46%) of palmar sensory median nerve branch damage, 15 cases (0.77%) of complex regional pain syndrome, and 36 cases (1.84%) of carpal tunnel syndrome; (3) five cases (0.26%) of fracture displacement even after plate fixation, six cases (0.31%) of screw breakage, 26 cases (1.33%) of radiocarpal joint screw penetration, and 511 cases (26.14%) of implant removal; (4) five cases (0.26%) of delayed union and three cases (0.15%) of non-union; (5) 83 (4.25%) and two (0.1%) cases of superficial and deep infection, respectively; and (6) two cases (0.1%) of compartment syndrome and three cases (0.15%) of radial artery damage. CONCLUSIONS: After 10 years of experience performing VLP fixation for DRFs in a multicentre setting, the results regarding complication types and rates support its use as a reasonable treatment option with low rates of complication.

Evaluation of Stress Radiographs Taken Before and After Spinal Anesthesia in Patients With Chronic Ankle Instability.

Stress radiography is known as an important diagnostic tool for confirming mechanical instability in patients with chronic ankle instability. However, there are no reports on how muscle guarding caused by the stress applied on the ankle during stress radiography affects test outcomes. Thus, this study aimed to analyze the effects of muscle guarding caused by stress radiography on outcomes by performing stress radiography before and after anesthesia. This is a prospective study involving 32 patients who were diagnosed with chronic ankle instability through patient history, physical examination, and magnetic resonance imaging studies. Varus and anterior drawer stress radiographs were taken before and after anesthesia in the operating room, and the findings were compared. On the post-anesthesia stress radiographs of the affected ankle, talar tilt and talar anterior translation were significantly increased by 2.55° ± 2.64° and 1.54 ± 2.03 mm, respectively (mean ± standard deviation; p < .05). These parameters were also significantly increased by 2.08° ± 2.62° and 1.27 ± 1.37 mm, p < .05, on the post-anesthesia radiographs of the unaffected ankle. Before anesthesia, 26 of 32 patients had positive stress radiographs, but 31 patients had positive results after anesthesia. Talar tilt and talar anterior translation significantly increased after anesthesia. Therefore, in CAI patients, efforts to reduce muscle guarding should be made before stress radiographs are taken. Moreover, when interpreting results, it should be noted that muscle guarding might have reduced the measurements of stress radiographs, leading to diagnostic false negatives.

Comparison between simple release and Z-plasty of retinaculum for de Quervain's disease: a retrospective study.

We compared two surgical procedures for de Quervain's disease that was not responsive to conservative treatment. Group A (simple release) consisted of 38 patients and group B (Z-plasty of the retinaculum) included 36 patients. The visual analogue scale score and the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand Score improved significantly after surgery; there were no statistical differences in outcome between the two groups. In group A, one patient required reoperation, two had subluxations of extensor tendons and two had temporary loss of sensation in the area of the radial nerve. In group B, two patients had temporary loss of sensation. The mean time to resolution of pain at the operative site was significantly shorter in group B. Both simple release and Z-plasty were effective surgical methods. Z-plasty allowed earlier return to activities of daily living but there was no statistical difference between the two groups in incidence of complication. Level of evidence: IV.

Analysis of the Changes in the Clinical Outcomes According to Time After Arthroscopic Microfracture of Osteochondral Lesions of the Talus.

BACKGROUND:: Arthroscopic microfracture can effectively treat osteochondral lesions of the talus (OLTs). However, very few studies have reported on symptomatic improvement duration and time when symptomatic improvement ceases. This study aimed to investigate the clinical outcome changes after arthroscopic microfracture in patients with OLT. METHODS:: Among patients who underwent arthroscopic microfracture for OLT, 70 patients were available for follow-up for more than 3 years. Of these, 6 patients who showed worsening or no improvement in the 6 months after surgery were excluded, and a total of 64 patients were included in the analysis. To analyze and compare the clinical outcome changes according to time, the visual analog scale (VAS) and American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society (AOFAS) ankle-hindfoot scores were evaluated every 3 months up to 1 year postoperatively and every 1 year thereafter. The clinical outcome differences based on the lesion size, lesion location, lesion containment, presence of cyst and bone marrow edema, age, sex, and obesity were analyzed. RESULTS:: The preoperative and final follow-up VAS scores significantly improved from 6.2 ± 1.1 to 1.2 ± 1.1 ( P< .05) and the AOFAS score from 63.1 ± 7.3 to 91.0 ± 7.3 ( P< .05). The overall success rate for arthroscopic microfracture in this study was 88.6%. The postoperative VAS and AOFAS scores at 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, and 36 months were 3.7 ± 1.4, 2.5 ± 1.3, 2.0 ± 1.1, 1.6 ± 1.2, 1.2 ± 1.2, and 1.3 ± 1.2 and 74.7 ± 10.3, 80.5 ± 8.9, 84.3 ± 7.4, 88.3 ± 7.3, 91.1 ± 7.2, and 90.8 ± 7.5, respectively, showing significant improvements up to 2 years. After 2 years, the symptoms did not improve but were maintained at a certain level up to 3 years. No clinical outcome differences based on the lesion size, lesion containment, presence of cyst and bone marrow edema, age, sex, and obesity were observed. CONCLUSION:: Symptomatic improvement early after arthroscopic microfracture for OLT was observed continuously for up to 2 years postoperatively. Symptom improvement was maintained without worsening for up to 3 years after surgery. Determining the final outcome of microfracture at least after 2 years would be reasonable. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:: Level IV, case series.

Factors Causing Prolonged Postoperative Symptoms Despite Absence of Complications After A1 Pulley Release for Trigger Finger.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to investigate the incidence and prognostic factors for prolonged postoperative symptoms after open A1 pulley release in patients with trigger finger, despite absence of any complications. METHODS: We reviewed 109 patients (78 single-finger involvement, 31 multiple-finger involvement) who underwent open A1 pulley release for trigger finger from 2010 to 2016, with 8 weeks or longer postsurgical follow-up and without postoperative complications. The group had 16 men and 93 women, with mean age of 56 years (range, 21-81 years), and average follow-up period of 24.8 weeks (range, 8.0-127.4 weeks). Prolonged postoperative symptoms were defined as symptoms persisting for longer than 8 weeks after surgery. Factors analyzed for delay in recovery included duration of preoperative symptoms; number of preoperative local corticosteroid injections; preoperative flexion contracture of proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint; multiplicity of trigger finger lesions; occupation; presence of type 2 diabetes mellitus, other hand disorders like carpal tunnel syndrome, de Quervain disease, or Dupuytren contracture; and fraying or partial tear of the flexor tendon. RESULTS: Twenty-six fingers (19.3%) showed prolonged postoperative symptoms, with mean time until complete relief being 14.0 ± 6.4 weeks (range, 9-34 weeks). Risk factors associated with prolonged postoperative symptoms included duration of preoperative symptoms, preoperative flexion contracture of the PIP joint, and fraying or partial tear of the flexor tendon. CONCLUSIONS: Physicians should consider the duration of preoperative symptoms and preoperative flexion contracture of the PIP joint when deciding timing of surgery for trigger finger patients. In addition, they should explain to patients with a positive history of these factors and in whom flexor tendon injury is found during surgery about the possibility of prolonged postoperative symptoms. TYPE OF STUDY/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Prognostic IV.