ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate lipid balance in children after a 5-year follow-up and tracking between initial and final levels. METHODS: Two hundred eighty-one children included in the Rivas-Vaciamadrid study were evaluated at the ages of 6 and 11 years. In all children, total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), and apoproteins A1 (Apo A) and B100 (Apo B) were measured. Low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) was determined and the Apo B/Apo A, TC/HDL-C, and LDL-C/HDL-C ratios and the atherogenic index were calculated. RESULTS: At 11 years of age, lipid balance was worse in girls than in boys. Levels of TG and HDL-C were significantly higher at the age of 11 years than those at the age of 6 years, but levels of the remaining variables analyzed were lower, except for Apo A and TC, which showed a non-significant increase. The correlation coefficients between values at the ages of 6 and 11 years were significant for all variables and the highest was LDL-C in girls (0.711). Kappa and Nishio tracking indexes were significant for all variables and were highest for the atherogenic index (0.431 and 6.71 respectively) and lowest for TG (0.129 and 2.85 respectively). Subjects in the highest quartile at 6 years old had a relative risk of 8.04 (CI 4.34-14.88) for having the same atherogenic index at the age of 11 years and a relative risk of 1.91 (CI 1.05-3.46) for having the same TG value. CONCLUSION: There is a significant correlation between lipid profile values in children at the ages of 6 and 11 years. The best tracking was found in the atherogenic index.
Subject(s)
Lipids/blood , Child , Female , Follow-Up Studies , Humans , MaleABSTRACT
Objetivo. Evaluar el perfil lipídico en niños tras 5 años de seguimiento, y el tracking entre los valores iniciales y los finales. Métodos. Se estudiaron 281 niños a los 6 y 11 años incluidos en el estudio Rivas-Vaciamadrid. Todos eran prepúberes. A todos se les midió el colesterol total (CT), triglicéridos (TG), colesterol unido a las lipoproteínas de alta densidad (C-HDL), apoproteína A1 (apo-A), y B100 (apo-B100), y se calculó el colesterol unido a las lipoproteínas de baja densidad (C-LDL) y los índices apo-B/apo-A, CT/C-HDL, C-LDL/C-HDL e índice aterogénico. Resultados. A los 11 años el perfil lipídico de las niñas es peor que el de los niños. Se encontraron unos valores a los 11, respecto a los 6 años, significativamente mayores de TG y C-HDL, y menores de los demás parámetros estudiados, excepto de apo-A y el CT que no presentaron significación estadística. Los coeficientes de correlación entre los valores a los 6 y 11 años fueron significativos para todos ellos, encontrándose el más elevado en las niñas para el C-LDL (0,711). Los índices de tracking de k y Nishio fueron significativos para todos los parámetros, oscilando entre los mayores valores obtenidos para el índice aterogénico (0,431 y 6,71, respectivamente) y para los triglicéridos (0,129 y 2,85, respectivamente). El riesgo relativo de un sujeto que estaba en el cuartil superior a los 6 años de estar en el misma situación a los 11 estuvo entre 8,04 (intervalo de confianza [IC]: 4,34-14,88) para el índice aterogénico y 1,91 (IC: 1,05-3,46) para los triglicéridos. Conclusión. Existe una correlación significativa entre los valores del perfil lipídico a los 6 y 11 años, siendo el índice aterogénico el que presenta un mejor tracking
Objective. To evaluate lipid balance in children after a 5-year follow-up and tracking between initial and final levels. Methods. Two hundred eighty-one children included in the Rivas Vaciamadrid study were evaluated at the ages of 6 and 11 years. In all children, total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), and apoproteins A1 (Apo A) and B100 (Apo B) were measured. Low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) was determined and the Apo B/Apo A, TC/HDL-C, and LDL-C/HDL-C ratios and the atherogenic index were calculated. Results. At 11 years of age, lipid balance was worse in girls than in boys. Levels of TG and HDL-C were significantly higher at the age of 11 years than those at the age of 6 years, but levels of the remaining variables analyzed were lower, except for Apo A and TC, which showed a non-significant increase. The correlation coefficients between values at the ages of 6 and 11 years were significant for all variables and the highest was LDL-C in girls (0.711). Kappa and Nishio tracking indexes were significant for all variables and were highest for the atherogenic index (0.431 and 6.71 respectively) and lowest for TG (0.129 and 2.85 respectively). Subjects in the highest quartile at 6 years old had a relative risk of 8.04 (CI 4.34-14.88) for having the same atherogenic index at the age of 11 years and a relative risk of 1.91 (CI 1.05-3.46) for having the same TG value. Conclusion. There is a significant correlation between lipid profile values in children at the ages of 6 and 11 years. The best tracking was found in the atherogenic index
Subject(s)
Child , Humans , Lipids/blood , Follow-Up StudiesABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate levels of lipoprotein(a) as a marker of family history of cardiovascular risk. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We have studied 673 six-year old children. Lipoprotein(a) was determined and previous family history of cardiovascular risk (hypercholesterolemia and cardiovascular disease under 55 years) was collected. RESULTS: Of the children studied, 7.42% had positive antecedents of cardiovascular risk in the parents, 51.8% in grandparents and 9.21% in parents and grandparents. The lipoprotein(a) levels were higher in these groups than in those without any family history of cardiovascular risk. Likewise, the percentage of children with lipoprotein(a) levels higher than 30 mg/dl was 15.69% in the group without a family history of problems and 25.8% and 25.69%, in the group with hypercholesterolemia antecedents and cardiovascular disease, respectively. The sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive value test did not prove that a positive family history could be used to detect the majority of children with lipoprotein higher than 30 mg/dl. CONCLUSIONS: Lipoprotein(a) levels in children are higher in those with a family history of cardiovascular disease or hypercholesterolemia, but these antecedents cannot be used as a determinant factor to detect the majority of children with lipoprotein(a) higher than 30 mg/dl.
Subject(s)
Cardiovascular Diseases/genetics , Hypercholesterolemia/blood , Lipoprotein(a)/blood , Lipoprotein(a)/genetics , Cardiovascular Diseases/diagnosis , Catchment Area, Health , Child , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay , Female , Humans , Hypercholesterolemia/diagnosis , Male , Risk Factors , Sensitivity and Specificity , SpainABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the levels of lipoprotein (a) (Lp(a)) as a marker of familiar history of cardiovascular risk. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We have studied 176 children and adolescents between the ages of 3 and 18 years with hypercholesterolemia. In these children we determined Lp(a) levels and collected the family history concerning cardiovascular risk factors (hypercholesterolemia and cardiovascular disease under 55 years of age). RESULTS: Of the cases studied, 67.04% had a family history of cardiovascular risk. In this group, levels of Lp(a) were significantly higher than in the group without a family history of cardiovascular risk. Lp(a) levels higher than 30 mg/dl were found in 3.44% of the patients without a family history of cardiovascular risk in contrast to 28,43% and 37.5% of the cases with familiar history of hypercholesterolemia and cardiovascular disease, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The levels of lipoprotein (a) in children and adolescents with hypercholesterolemia are a marker of family history of cardiovascular disease and hypercholesterolemia.
Subject(s)
Cardiovascular Diseases/blood , Hyperlipoproteinemia Type II/blood , Lipoprotein(a)/blood , Adolescent , Biomarkers/blood , Cardiovascular Diseases/genetics , Child , Child, Preschool , Cholesterol/blood , Female , Humans , Male , Risk FactorsABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between socioeconomic status and the presence of cardiovascular risk factors in children from Madrid. METHODS: We studied 2224 boys and girls, ages 2-18 years, attending five different school centers. They were divided into three socioeconomic groups: low class, middle-low class and middle high class, in regard to their parent's occupation and educational attainment. The evaluation included a blood analysis of serum triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (CT), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL), apolipoprotein A1 (ApoA), apolipoprotein B100 (Apo B), and the Apo A/Apo B and LDL/HDL ratios. RESULTS: There was a positive correlation between socioeconomic status and total cholesterol, Apo A, Apo B and Apo A/Apo B, whereas socioeconomic status and triglycerides were inversely related. The LDL/HDL ratio varied according to age. CONCLUSIONS: Unlike some previously published studies, we found that children belonging to high socioeconomic status have a more atherogenic lipid profile than those of middle low or low socioeconomic levels.
Subject(s)
Lipids/blood , Social Class , Adolescent , Age Factors , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Male , Risk Factors , Sex Factors , Socioeconomic Factors , Spain , Urban PopulationABSTRACT
We have studied 2,224 children and adolescents of both sexes, ranging between 2 and 18 years of age, at five schools in the city of Madrid. We determined the lipid profile: total cholesterol (T-C), cholesterol bound to high density lipoproteins (HDL-C), cholesterol bound to low density lipoproteins (LDL-C), cholesterol bound to very low density lipoproteins (VLDL-C), triglycerides (TG), apolipoprotein AI and apolipoprotein B100 (Apo A1 and Apo B100, respectively). In relationship to age and sex, in males, as age increases, there is an elevation in LDL-C and TG and a diminution in T-C, HDL-C, Apo AI and Apo B100. There are no changes in VLDL-C. In females, there is a diminution in LDL-C, TG, Apo-B100 and an increase in HDL-C, Apo AI and T-C, with the increase in T-C being found only in those older than 15 years.
Subject(s)
Lipoproteins/blood , Adolescent , Arteriosclerosis/prevention & control , Child , Child, Preschool , Cholesterol/blood , Female , Health Surveys , Humans , Hyperlipidemias/prevention & control , Lipoproteins, HDL/blood , Lipoproteins, LDL/blood , Male , Prognosis , SpainABSTRACT
We studied 1,274 healthy children of both sexes from 10 until 18 years of age, in Fuenlabrada, Madrid. We knew the tobacco consumption by means of direct asking to the children, without the presence of their parents. We studied the smoking habit of their parents by means of inquiries. The percentage of smoker children was 30% (24% of them had smoker parents, and 6% did not). We studied the tobacco influence in several parameters of cardiovascular risk; it was found that C-HDL levels in the smoker children were 5 mg/dl lower than the non-smokers, and the ratio C-LDL/C-HDL in the smokers was 1,2 times greater than in the non-smokers.
Subject(s)
Cardiovascular Diseases/chemically induced , Smoking/epidemiology , Adolescent , Adult , Cardiovascular Diseases/blood , Cardiovascular Diseases/epidemiology , Child , Female , Health Surveys , Humans , Lipoproteins, HDL/blood , Lipoproteins, LDL/blood , Male , Parents , Risk Factors , Smoking/adverse effects , Spain , Surveys and QuestionnairesABSTRACT
We have studied 1,939 healthy children of both sexes (1.003 boys and 936 girls), aged from 4 to 18 years, of the city of Fuenlabrada (Madrid). The following parameters were determined: blood pressure, weight, height, triccipital folds, the rohrer index, total cholesterol, triglycerides, lipoproteins, blood sugar and uric acid. The results of the blood pressure have been expressed by means of percentiles in relation with age, weight, and height. The correlation coefficients have been statistically significant for the height, weight, age, triccipital skinfolds, triglycerides and C-VLDL. We have relationed our results with other national and international studies.
Subject(s)
Blood Pressure , Lipoproteins/blood , Adolescent , Blood Glucose/analysis , Body Height , Body Weight , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Lipids/blood , Male , Reference Values , Skinfold Thickness , Spain , Triglycerides/bloodABSTRACT
We studied in 2,153 children of both sexes from birth until 18 years of age, in Fuenlabrada, Madrid, the following parameters: the height, weight, tricipital and subscapular skinfolds, blood pressure, lipids, lipoproteins, glycemia, uric acid and smoking habits. We obtained the next mean values: Total cholesterol (TC), 166 +/- 36 mg/dl; triglycerides, 63 +/- 39 mg/dl; HDL-C, 53 +/- 13 mg/dl; LDL-C, 102 +/- 34 mg/dl; VLDL-C, 13 +/- 6 mg/dl. TC, HDL-C and LDL-C levels did not present any significant differences with respect to sex until 12 years of age. But they were significantly higher in girls than in boys in adolescence. In contrast, TG and VLDL-C levels were higher in girls than in boys until 12 years of age, they did not present any difference in adolescence. The significant change of the lipoproteinic pattern in adolescence is connected with the hormonal distribution that is produced in puberty.
Subject(s)
Lipids/blood , Lipoproteins, HDL/blood , Lipoproteins, LDL/blood , Adolescent , Age Factors , Blood Glucose/analysis , Body Height , Body Weight , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Infant , Male , Reference Values , Skinfold Thickness , Smoking , Spain , Triglycerides/blood , Uric Acid/bloodABSTRACT
The infant nutrition is surveyed on 1893 children of both sexes, aged from 0 to 18 years, in Fuenlabrada, Madrid. The percent of children with breast feeding has strongly decreased (47%) during the period 1965-1983, so its endurance has shortened (15%). The kind of feeding is related to the age mother and her smoking habit. The statistical correlation between the newborn intake and the cardiovascular risk factors is studied; no significant differences are found, excepting a temporary increase of the total cholesterol during the first quarter of life.
