Dose at posterior-inferior border of symphysis point: A predictor for vaginal stricture in cervical cancer.

PURPOSE: To study the effect of various dose-volume parameters on the severity of vaginal stricture (VS) and the correlation of the latter with the posterior-inferior border of symphysis (PIBS) points in locally advanced cervical cancer patients treated with concurrent chemoradiation and brachytherapy. METHODS AND MATERIALS: A prospective study was done on 45 histologically proven locally advanced cervical cancer patients between January 2020 and March 2021. All of them were treated with concurrent chemoradiation with 6 MV photon linear accelerator to a dose of 45 Gy/25 fractions in 5 weeks. Twenty-three patients were treated with intracavitary brachytherapy with a dose of 7 Gy/fraction/week for three fractions. Twenty-two patients were treated with interstitial brachytherapy, with 6 Gy/fraction for four fractions, each fraction 6 h apart. Grading of VS was done as per Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events version 5. RESULTS: The median followup was 21.5 months. About 37.8% of patients had VS with a median duration of 8.0 months (4.0-12 months). About 22.2% had Grade 1, 6.7% had Grade 2, and 8.9% had Grade 3 toxicity. Doses at PIBS and PIBS-2 points had no correlation with vaginal toxicity, however, the dose at PIBS+2 was significantly associated with VS (p = 0.004). The treated length of the vagina at the time of brachytherapy (p = 0.001), initial tumor volume (p = 0.009), and vaginal involvement after completion of external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) (p = 0.01) were also statistically significant with the development of VS of Grade 2 or more. CONCLUSIONS: Dose at PIBS + 2, treated length of the vagina with brachytherapy, initial tumor volume, and post-EBRT vaginal involvement are strong predictors for the severity of VS.

Hepatic Capillariasis- Drug Targets.

Zoonotic infections are increasingly becoming public health menaces and are usually transmitted to humans due to unsuitable environmental conditions. One of them is hepatic capillariasis, caused by the parasite Capillaria hepatica, primarily a disease of rodents, with hepatic manifestations in humans. Although its prevalence is very low, it can cause significant morbidity and mortality, with cases reported from all over the world. The main infective form for humans is the embryonated egg of the parasite, which hatches in the intestine and ultimately colonize the liver. The larvae mature and reproduce, and eventually form embryonated eggs, which cause chronic focal inflammation and septal hepatic fibrosis. Clinical presentation mainly consists of fever, abdominal pain, hepatomegaly and eosinophilia. Spurious infection with unembryonated eggs cause gastrointestinal symptoms. Diagnostic modalities include liver biopsy, ultrasonography, CT scan, immunological tests like ELISA and IIFT. The infection can be treated mainly with a combination of benzimidazoles like thiabendazole, mebendazole and albendazole; with corticosteroids. The study emphasizes the need for hepatic capillariasis to be considered as a differential diagnosis in cases of suspected hepatitis, leptospirosis, abdominal lymphadenopathy or other hepatic or parasitic infections prevalent in the region concerned; and meticulously assess the cases to facilitate early diagnosis and prompt treatment, thus reducing the distress faced by patients.

Branchial cleft cysts: a pictorial review.

Cystic masses of the neck may represent a wide variety of pathological conditions. Among these, branchial anomalies are the commonest paediatric congenital lesions of the head and neck. This article intends to review this condition under the same headings, as well as facilitate their diagnosis with the help of appropriate radiological findings of patients diagnosed with these anomalies. In order to make an accurate diagnosis, it is imperative to have an idea about the possible differentials, and the normal embryological development of the branchial arches, as well as their anomalies, in the form of sinuses, fistulae, and cysts, with their features and subtypes. The medical history of the patient and clinical manifestations helps in suspecting branchial cleft cysts; confirmatory imaging modalities include computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasonography, and fine-needle aspiration. The mainstay of management is usually by surgical excision. The location, clinical picture, and radiological correlation, along with a strong degree of suspicion for the condition, facilitates the diagnosis of this relatively common embryological anomaly.