ABSTRACT
Gait modifications are often proposed to reduce average loading rate (AVLR) during running. While many modifications may reduce AVLR, little work has investigated secondary gait changes. Thirty-two rearfoot runners [16M, 16F, 24.7 (3.3) years, 22.72 (3.01) kg/m2 , >16 km/week] ran at a self-selected speed (2.9 ± 0.3 m/s) on an instrumented treadmill, while 3D mechanics were calculated via real-time data acquisition. Real-time visual feedback was provided in a randomized order to cue a forefoot strike (FFS), a minimum 7.5% decrease in step length, or a minimum 15% reduction in AVLR. AVLR was reduced by FFS (mean difference = 26.4 BW/s; 95% CI = 20.1, 32.7; P < 0.001), shortened step length (8.4 BW/s; 95% CI = 2.9, 14.0; P = 0.004), and cues to reduce AVLR (14.9 BW/s; 95% CI = 10.2, 19.6; P < 0.001). FFS, shortened step length, and cues to reduce AVLR all reduced eccentric knee joint work per km [(-48.2 J/kg*m; 95% CI = -58.1, -38.3; P < 0.001), (-35.5 J/kg*m; 95% CI = -42.4, 28.6; P < 0.001), (-23.1 J/kg*m; 95% CI = -33.3, -12.9; P < 0.001)]. However, FFS and cues to reduce AVLR also increased eccentric ankle joint work per km [(54.49 J/kg*m; 95% CI = 45.3, 63.7; P < 0.001), (9.20 J/kg*m; 95% CI = 1.7, 16.7; P = 0.035)]. Potentially injurious secondary effects associated with FFS and cues to reduce AVLR may undermine their clinical utility. Alternatively, a shortened step length resulted in small reductions in AVLR, without any potentially injurious secondary effects.
Subject(s)
Foot/physiology , Gait/physiology , Running/physiology , Weight-Bearing/physiology , Adult , Biomechanical Phenomena/physiology , Female , Forefoot, Human/physiology , Humans , Knee Joint/physiology , Male , Running/injuries , Stress, Physiological/physiology , Young AdultABSTRACT
This paper measures the prevalence of psychological symptoms in two British Infantry battalions, 36 months after being involved in peace keeping operations in the former Yugoslavia during November 1992-April 1993. Those deployed had a high level of post traumatic stress disorder (16%) compared to (9%) in the control group. However, there was a high level of probable psychiatric disorder in both the Bosnia and control group of around 25%. The possible explanations for these findings are discussed.
Subject(s)
Military Personnel/psychology , Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/etiology , Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/psychology , Adult , Case-Control Studies , Humans , Prevalence , Psychiatric Status Rating Scales , Risk Factors , Severity of Illness Index , Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/diagnosis , Surveys and Questionnaires , United Kingdom , YugoslaviaABSTRACT
The long term military careers of soldiers who had completed an in-patient alcohol treatment programme in 1983 were examined. Compared to a matched control group, soldiers who had received treatment served for a significantly shorter time post-treatment. Only 40% of the treatment group were discharged from the service on normal grounds. It is suggested that post-treatment career provides a useful outcome measure and indicates that even after extensive inpatient treatment, the results are poor.
