Management of extravasation of oxaliplatin by mimicking its biotransformation

Although oxaliplatin (Oxali) plays a key role in the treatment of many types of cancer and has been reported to be an irritant, there is no specific and effective method for its extravasation and failure in Oxali extravasation management results in the need for plastic surgery. In the body, Oxali bio-transforms upon dilution in chloride-containing buffer salts to its di-chloro derivative and loses an oxalate molecule. Consequently, the chloride ions exchange with water molecules in the intracellular environment to produce the di-aqua derivative, which is the most active biotransformation product of Oxali in terms of forming the DNA adducts. Thus, inhibiting transformation of di-chloro to di-aqua derivatives by accumulating chloride ions at the site of extravasation and saturating the Oxali molecule with these ions is a strategy that could help manage extravasation. Injecting normal saline at this site is a simple yet effective way to achieve this goal

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Management of extravasation of oxaliplatin by mimicking its biotransformation.

Although oxaliplatin (Oxali) plays a key role in the treatment of many types of cancer and has been reported to be an irritant, there is no specific and effective method for its extravasation and failure in Oxali extravasation management results in the need for plastic surgery. In the body, Oxali bio-transforms upon dilution in chloride-containing buffer salts to its di-chloro derivative and loses an oxalate molecule. Consequently, the chloride ions exchange with water molecules in the intracellular environment to produce the di-aqua derivative, which is the most active biotransformation product of Oxali in terms of forming the DNA adducts. Thus, inhibiting transformation of di-chloro to di-aqua derivatives by accumulating chloride ions at the site of extravasation and saturating the Oxali molecule with these ions is a strategy that could help manage extravasation. Injecting normal saline at this site is a simple yet effective way to achieve this goal.

EFFECTIVENESS OF ANETHUM GRAVEOLENS L. ON ANTIOXIDANT STATUS, THYROID FUNCTION AND HISTOPATHOLOGY.

CONTEXT: Anethum graveolens L. is used in the treatment of numerous diseases. But there is limited data about the Anethum graveolens efficiency in thyroid tissue. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to assess the functional and histopathological changes in thyroid tissues from rats treated with Anethum graveolens L. extract. DESIGN: This is an experimental animal study and duration of the study was 30 days. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Twenty-eight female Wistar Albino rats were divided into four equal groups. A gavage of Anethum graveolens L. extract at 0, 50, 150 and 300 mg/kg/day doses were given to the rats with 1 mL 0.9% NaCl, respectively, for 30 days. Blood was taken at day 0, 15 and 30. fT3, fT4, TSH values and antioxidant efficiency were observed. Also the thyroidectomy tissue was assessed histopathologically. RESULTS: There is no difference observed in the fT3, fT4 and TSH values of groups 1, 2 and 3 at day 1, 15 and 30 (p>0.05); however, in group 4, TSH value decreased on days 15 and 30 when compared to day 1 and the other groups (p<0.05). Also the hypertrophy and thyroid follicular cell hyperplasia were significantly increased in group 4 (p<0.05). There is no difference in antioxidant efficiency in any of the groups (p>0.05). CONCLUSION: Anethum graveolens L. extract is effective on both the function and the histology of thyroid tissue but it has no effect on antioxidant status.

Interaction of curcumin in a drug delivery system including a composite with poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) and montmorillonite: a density functional theory and molecular dynamics study.

Phytochemicals such as curcumin have great potential in cancer prevention and treatment. However, instability and low aqueous solubility of free curcumin weaken its anticancer potential. These undesirable problems can be avoided upon loading curcumin into nanoparticles containing biocompatible and biodegradable polymers such as poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA), liposomes or micelles. The interaction of drugs and release control can be further enhanced upon inclusion of clay minerals into the PLGA containing nanoparticles. Such nanoparticles offer a new way for cancer drug delivery systems. However, the role of the clay mineral in the resulting composite is not fully understood. Therefore, in this study, we carried out systematic adsorption studies of curcumin anticancer drug on montmorillonite (MMT) nanoparticles in the presence of amphiphilic polymer (PLGA) and in an aqueous environment to understand the contribution of the layered clay structure using cluster (B97-D), periodic DFT and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations in acidic and natural pH media. It has been found that MMT has high affinity towards either polymer or drug molecules especially due to vdW interactions. Furthermore, it has been observed that MMT facilitates the release of curcumin. Current findings suggest that a composite consisting of MMT and PLGA might be used to deliver the anticancer agent curcumin.

The trend of caesarean delivery in the Islamic Republic of Iran.

The Islamic Republic of Iran has witnessed a sharp increase in the number of caesarean sections in the past two decades. This study shows the trend of caesarean sections in the country, focusing on the probable causes of the increase during the past 30 years. The caesarean section rate was 35% in 2000 and increased to 48% in 2009. The study shows that there is a very wide range of prevalence of caesarean section rates in the country. This would indicate that most caesarean sections in our country are not medically indicated, although perhaps in some areas there are not enough caesarean sections. There is a need for research on health outcomes for mothers and infants associated with caesarean delivery without a medical or obstetrical indication. A more detailed examination is needed of mother, insurer, hospital and provider attitudes toward elective caesareans.

The trend of caesarean delivery in the Islamic Republic of Iran

The Islamic Republic of Iran has witnessed a sharp increase in the number of caesarean sections in the past two decades. This study shows the trend of caesarean sections in the country, focusing on the probable causes of the increase during the past 30 years. The caesarean section rate was 35% in 2000 and increased to 48% in 2009. The study shows that there is a very wide range of prevalence of caesarean section rates in the country. This would indicate that most caesarean sections in our country are not medically indicated, although perhaps in some areas there are not enough caesarean sections. There is a need for research on health outcomes for mothers and infants associated with caesarean delivery without a medical or obstetrical indication. A more detailed examination is needed of mother, insurer, hospital and provider attitudes toward elective caesareans