ABSTRACT
AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is an evolutionarily conserved energy sensor. Activation of AMPK leads to a number of metabolic benefits, including improved mitochondrial function in skeletal muscle and lowering of serum glucose levels in type-2 diabetes models. However, direct activation of AMPK leads to cardiac enlargement, and an alternative strategy that activates AMPK without affecting the heart is needed. Inhibition of phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4), which is poorly expressed in the human heart, activates AMPK in other tissues. In a screen to identify novel PDE4 inhibitors, we discovered compound CBU91, which is 5-10 fold more potent than rolipram, the best characterized PDE4 inhibitor. CBU91, like rolipram, is able to activate AMPK and Sirt1 and increase mitochondrial function in myotubes. These findings suggest that activation of AMPK in myotubes is a general property of PDE4 inhibition and that PDE4 inhibition may activate AMPK in metabolically relevant tissues without affecting the heart.
Subject(s)
Adenylate Kinase/metabolism , Mitochondria, Muscle/drug effects , Phosphodiesterase 4 Inhibitors/pharmacology , Signal Transduction/drug effects , Sirtuin 1/metabolism , Animals , Cyclic AMP/metabolism , Mice , Mitochondria, Muscle/metabolism , Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/drug effects , Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/metabolism , Organelle Biogenesis , Rolipram/pharmacologyABSTRACT
Nucleocapsid 7 (NCp7) inhibitors have been investigated extensively for their role in impeding the function of HIV-1 replication machinery and their ability to directly inactivate the virus. A class of NCp7 zinc finger inhibitors, S-acyl-2-mercaptobenzamide thioesters (SAMTs), was investigated for topical drug delivery. SAMTs are inherently unstable because of their hydrolytically labile thioester bond, thus requiring formulation approaches that can lend stability. We describe the delivery of N-[2-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoylthio)benzoyl]-ß-alaninamide (SAMT-10), as a single agent antiretroviral (ARV) therapeutic and in combination with the HIV-1 reverse-transcriptase inhibitor pyrimidinedione IQP-0528, from a hydrophobic polyether urethane (PEU) intravaginal ring (IVR) for a month. The physicochemical stability of the ARV-loaded IVRs was confirmed after 3 months at 40°C/75% relative humidity. In vitro, 25 ± 3 mg/IVR of SAMT-10 and 86 ± 13 mg/IVR of IQP-0528 were released. No degradation of the hydrolytically labile SAMT-10 was observed within the matrix. The combination of ARVs had synergistic antiviral activity when tested in in vitro cell-based assays. Toxicological evaluations performed on an organotypic EpiVaginal(™) tissue model demonstrated a lack of formulation toxicity. Overall, SAMT-10 and IQP-0528 were formulated in a stable PEU IVR for sustained release. Our findings support the need for further preclinical evaluation. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association J Pharm Sci 104:3426-3439, 2015.
Subject(s)
Anti-HIV Agents/administration & dosage , Anti-HIV Agents/therapeutic use , Benzamides/administration & dosage , Benzamides/therapeutic use , HIV Infections/prevention & control , HIV-1/drug effects , Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors/administration & dosage , Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors/therapeutic use , Administration, Intravaginal , Anti-HIV Agents/adverse effects , Benzamides/adverse effects , Chemistry, Pharmaceutical , Delayed-Action Preparations , Differential Thermal Analysis , Drug Delivery Systems , Female , HIV Infections/transmission , HIV-1/genetics , Humans , Organ Culture Techniques , Pyrimidinones/administration & dosage , Pyrimidinones/pharmacology , SolubilityABSTRACT
The HIV-1 nucleocapsid (NCp7), structurally defined by zinc-binding domains, participates in crucial stages of the HIV-1 lifecycle and is mutationally nonpermissive, making it an attractive anti-HIV target. Mode of action studies have shown that the secondary structure and activity of NCp7 can be disrupted by acyl transfer from N-2-mercaptobenzoyl-amino amides. We have developed an improved one-pot reaction that affords N-2-mercaptobenzoyl-amino acids on multi-gram scales. This synthetic route allows for rapid modular construction and has greatly expanded the scope of easily accessible potential NCp7 inhibitors.
ABSTRACT
We report a new route to tertiary alpha-amino stereocenters by sequential alkylation of alpha-amino nitriles followed by reductive lithiation of the nitrile and cyclization onto an alkene. Reductive lithiation of alpha-amino nitriles using lithium 4,4'-di-tert-butylbiphenylide (LiDBB) and subsequent intramolecular carbolithiation proceeded with modest to high diastereoselectivity to deliver cyclic or spirocyclic ring systems. The stereoselectivity of these intramolecular carbolithiations was examined using density function calculations to evaluate plausible transition state models.
