The effect of the Sport Education Model in physical education on student learning attitude: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Evidence indicates that the Sport Education Model (SEM) has demonstrated effectiveness in enhancing students' athletic capabilities and fostering their enthusiasm for sports. Nevertheless, there remains a dearth of comprehensive reviews examining the impact of the SEM on students' attitudes toward physical education learning. PURPOSE: The purpose of this review is to elucidate the influence of the SEM on students' attitudes toward physical education learning. METHODS: Employing the preferred reporting items of the Systematic Review and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) statement guidelines, a systematic search of PubMed, SCOPUS, EBSCOhost (SPORTDiscus and CINAHL Plus), and Web of Science databases was conducted in mid-January 2023. A set of keywords associated with the SEM, attitudes toward physical education learning, and students were employed to identify relevant studies. Out of 477 studies, only 13 articles fulfilled all the eligibility criteria and were consequently incorporated into this systematic review. The validated checklist of Downs and Black (1998) was employed for the assessment, and the included studies achieved quality scores ranging from 11 to 13. The ROBINS-I tool was utilized to evaluate the risk of bias in the literature, whereby only one paper exhibited a moderate risk of bias, while the remainder were deemed to have a high risk. RESULTS: The findings unveiled significant disparities in cognitive aspects (n = 8) and affective components (n = 12) between the SEM intervention and the Traditional Teaching (TT) comparison. Existing evidence suggests that the majority of scholars concur that the SEM yields significantly superior effects in terms of students' affective and cognitive aspects compared to the TT. CONCLUSIONS: Nonetheless, several issues persist, including a lack of data regarding junior high school students and gender differences, insufficient frequency of weekly interventions, inadequate control of inter-group atmosphere disparities resulting from the same teaching setting, lack of reasonable testing, model fidelity check and consideration for regulating variables, of course, learning content, and unsuitable tools for measuring learning attitudes. In contrast, the SEM proves more effective than the TT in enhancing students' attitudes toward physical learning. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION: ( https://inplasy.com/ ) (INPLASY2022100040).

A Systematic review of the factors that affect soccer players' short-passing ability-based on the Loughborough Soccer Passing Test.

OBJECTIVE: This study synthesizes evidence from the Loughborough Passing Test to evaluate the short-passing ability of soccer players and summarizes the reported variables that affect this ability to provide support for the development and improvement of short-passing abilities in soccer players. METHODS: In this systematic review using the PRISMA guidelines, a comprehensive search was conducted in Web of Science, PubMed, and EBSCOhost from inception to July 2023 to identify relevant articles from the accessible literature. Only studies that used the Loughborough test to assess athletes' short-passing ability were included. The quality of the included studies was independently assessed by two reviewers using the PEDro scale, and two authors independently completed the data extraction. RESULTS: Based on the type of intervention or influencing factor, ten studies investigated training, nine studies investigated fatigue, nine studies investigated supplement intake, and five studies investigated other factors. CONCLUSION: Evidence indicates that fitness training, small-sided games training, and warm-up training have positive effects on athletes' short-passing ability, high-intensity special-position training and water intake have no discernible impact, mental and muscular exhaustion have a significantly negative effect, and the effect of nutritional ergogenic aid intake is not yet clear. Future research should examine more elements that can affect soccer players' short-passing ability. TRIAL REGISTRATION: https://inplasy.com/ ., identifier: INPLASY20237.

A DUF966 gene family member OsDSR3 positively regulates alkali stress tolerance in rice.

Rice growth and production are severely constrained by alkali stress. However, the mechanism underlying the rice tolerance to alkali stress is unclear. OsDSR3, a novel gene from the domains of unknown function 966 (DUF966) family, was identified and characterized for its function in the response of rice to alkali stress. The result of this study clearly showed that alkali stress significantly induced OsDSR3 expression level. Moreover, the expression of OsDSR3 was up-regulated by drought, salt, cold, H2O2 and abscisic acid (ABA), and down-regulated by gibberellic acid (GA3), and 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) treatments. Subcellular localization exhibited that OsDSR3 was detected in the nucleus and membrane. OsDSR3-overexpressing (OsDSR3-OE) plants showed higher tolerance to alkali stress than the wild-type (WT). In contrast, OsDSR3 knockout (OsDSR3-KO) mutants were more vulnerable to alkali stress. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) among OsDSR3-OE and WT seedlings were mainly enriched in porphyrin and chlorophyll, starch and sucrose, and carotenoid metabolic pathways. Among these DEGs, 26 were identified as potential alkali stress-responsive genes, including several up-regulated genes like OsHAK5, OsGRX23 and OsNIR2. Consistent with the expression profiles of metabolic pathways-related genes, most of the metabolite contents and metabolite synthases activities were improved in OsDSR3-OE lines and decreased in OsDSR3-KO lines compared to WT. This may explain the higher tolerance of OE lines and lower tolerance of KO lines to alkali stress. These findings suggested that OsDSR3 positively regulates rice tolerance to alkali stress, which will help to elucidate the molecular mechanism underlying rice alkali tolerance.

Domain of unknown function (DUF) proteins in plants: function and perspective.

Domains of unknown function (DUFs), which are deposited in the protein family database (Pfam), are protein domains with conserved amino acid sequences and uncharacterized functions. Proteins with the same DUF were classified as DUF families. Although DUF families are generally not essential for the survival of plants, they play roles in plant development and adaptation. Characterizing the functions of DUFs is important for deciphering biological puzzles. DUFs were generally studied through forward and reverse genetics. Some novelty approaches, especially the determination of crystal structures and interaction partners of the DUFs, should attract more attention. This review described the identification of DUF genes by genome-wide and transcriptome-wide analyses, summarized the function of DUF-containing proteins, and addressed the prospects for future studies in DUFs in plants.

Taoist way of a balanced exercise training cocktail for the management of primary hypertension in older persons.

High blood pressure is the world's leading risk factor for mortality, affecting nearly half of the global population aged 50-79 years. Physical inactivity is one factor contributing to the prevalence of hypertension. This paper discusses a new concept for the management of hypertension in older persons. We are inclined to fade the current guidelines used in China, the United States, and Europe. Although demonstrating irrefutable benefits for blood pressure regulation, the guidelines fail to address the need to incorporate balance exercises, which are crucial for mitigating the risk of falling. We address three pressing questions regarding the efficacy of various combinations of exercise modes for blood pressure regulation, alongside providing an overview of balance exercises. At the core of our concept, we explicate the challenges inherent in addressing the global pandemic of physical inactivity and hypertension in regular socioeconomic people. No guidelines could change the state of inactivity by jumping between zero and all things, where "zero" symbolizes conditions such as physical inactivity and hypertension, and the concept of "all things" encompasses the ideals of an active lifestyle and healthy aging. We advocate a Taoist way, "zero-one-all things," where "one" in this context refers to an inclusive and culturally diverse exercise training cocktail. The Tao guides us to illuminate an ancient way of overcoming physical inactivity-associated diseases in the present day.

12-week concurrent brisk walking and Taijiquan (Tai Chi) improve balance, flexibility, and muscular strength of Chinese older women.

Healthy aging is a global goal to enhance the quality of life for older persons. This study evaluated the benefits of 12-week concurrent brisk walking and Taijiquan. Healthy Chinese women aged 60 years and above were enrolled to the control (n = 26) and intervention (n = 25) groups. Participants in the intervention group engaged in three exercise sessions per week for 12 weeks, whereas control group engaged in free-living activities. Each exercise session consisted of 20-45 minutes of walking and 20-45 minutes of Yang style 24-form Taijiquan. 12-week exercise improved (p < 0.05) the sit and reach test (within-group mean difference: +5.6 cm; Hedges' g = 0.77), handgrip strength (mean difference: +3.1 kg; g = 0.89), arm curl (mean difference: +2.1 repetitions; g = 0.69), chair stand (mean difference: +2.6 repetitions; g = 0.63), and one-legged standing (mean difference: +2.2 seconds; g = 1.07). There was no improvement in the circulatory health, body composition, or life satisfaction. Therefore, this concurrent brisk walking and Taijiquan training, which targets major whole-body muscle groups, could improve aging-critical flexibility, muscular fitness, and balance in older women. The exercise meets the current WHO guideline, is safe to perform, and could be campaigned as a health promotion for older persons.

Effects of a 12-Week Functional Training Program on the Strength and Power of Chinese Adolescent Tennis Players.

BACKGROUND: Functional training is any type of training designed to improve a specific movement or activity for fitness or high performance sports. This study examined the effect of functional training on the strength and power of young tennis players. METHODS: 40 male tennis players were assigned to the functional training group (n = 20; age, 16.7 ± 0.4 years) or the conventional training group (n = 20; age, 16.5 ± 0.6 years). The functional training group received three 60 min sessions per week for 12 weeks, while the conventional training group participated in three sessions per week of mono-strength exercise for 12 weeks. Strength and power were measured according to the International Tennis Federation protocol at baseline, 6 weeks after the intervention, and 12 weeks after the intervention. RESULTS: Both forms of training increased (p < 0.05) push-ups, wall squat test, over medicine ball throw, and standing long jump after 6 weeks of training, and the effect improved further as the 12-week mark approached. Except for the wall squat test (left) at 6 weeks, functional training showed no advantage over conventional training. After an additional 6 weeks of training, all measures of strength and power were better (p < 0.05) in the functional training group. CONCLUSIONS: Improvements in strength and power could occur after as little as 6 weeks of functional training, and 12-week functional training could outperform conventional training in male adolescent tennis players.

Melatonin Enhances Drought Tolerance in Rice Seedlings by Modulating Antioxidant Systems, Osmoregulation, and Corresponding Gene Expression.

Rice is the third largest food crop in the world, especially in Asia. Its production in various regions is affected to different degrees by drought stress. Melatonin (MT), a novel growth regulator, plays an essential role in enhancing stress resistance in crops. Nevertheless, the underlying mechanism by which melatonin helps mitigate drought damage in rice remains unclear. Therefore, in the present study, rice seedlings pretreated with melatonin (200 µM) were stressed with drought (water potential of -0.5 MPa). These rice seedlings were subsequently examined for their phenotypes and physiological and molecular properties, including metabolite contents, enzyme activities, and the corresponding gene expression levels. The findings demonstrated that drought stress induced an increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, lipoxygenase (LOX) activity, and reactive oxygen species (ROS, e.g., O2- and H2O2) in rice seedlings. However, the melatonin application significantly reduced LOX activity and the MDA and ROS contents (O2- production rate and H2O2 content), with a decrease of 29.35%, 47.23%, and (45.54% and 49.33%), respectively. It activated the expression of ALM1, OsPOX1, OsCATC, and OsAPX2, which increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX), respectively. Meanwhile, the melatonin pretreatment enhanced the proline, fructose, and sucrose content by inducing OsP5CS, OsSUS7, and OsSPS1 gene expression levels. Moreover, the melatonin pretreatment considerably up-regulated the expression levels of the melatonin synthesis genes TDC2 and ASMT1 under drought stress by 7-fold and 5-fold, approximately. These improvements were reflected by an increase in the relative water content (RWC) and the root-shoot ratio in the drought-stressed rice seedlings that received a melatonin application. Consequently, melatonin considerably reduced the adverse effects of drought stress on rice seedlings and improved rice's ability to tolerate drought by primarily boosting endogenous antioxidant enzymes and osmoregulation abilities.

Effect of Exercise Training on Physical Fitness Among Young Tennis Players: A Systematic Review.

Background: Physical fitness comprises both health- and skill-related components that have been shown to correlate with the competitive ability of the athletes. Competitive ability of the athletes is strongly related to the positive or poor characteristics of physical fitness. Additionally, the adolescent stage is critical for the development of physical fitness. Physical fitness training for young tennis players should receive more attention. However, the current literature is deficient in in-depth reviews of the effects of exercise training on the physical fitness of young tennis players. Objective: This review is aimed to investigate the effects of exercise training on physical fitness among young tennis players. Methods: From October 2020, a comprehensive search was undertaken in four electronic databases (SCOPUS, PubMed, EBSCOhost (SPORTDiscus), and CINAHL Plus) and also on Google Scholar and other sources of gray literature references. The methodological quality of included studies was assessed using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database scale and the over scientific evidence was determined using the best evidence synthesis (BES). This review included only studies that employed an experimental design to assess the physical fitness components of young tennis players. Results: Nine articles on exercise training met all inclusion criteria and were included in this systematic review. The studies were of a high standard of quality. The research findings are relatively credible. The results indicated that speed (n = 8) and agility (n = 8) were the most often investigated performance characteristics in exercise training interventions with young tennis players, followed by power (n = 7), strength (n = 4), and flexibility (n = 1). Exercise training significantly increased the physical fitness of young tennis players in terms of speed and agility. There is a lack of evidence about strength and flexibility. Meanwhile, there is conflicting evidence regarding the effect on power, and yet there is no evidence regarding the effect of exercise training on endurance. Conclusions: This systematic review established a compelling case for the beneficial effects of exercise training interventions on physical fitness in youngtennis players. The review identifies current research gaps (i.e., athlete gender, with a particular emphasis on female athletes) that should be addressed in future experimental studies. Systematic Review Registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero, identifier CRD 42020213145.

Effect of Functional Training on Physical Fitness Among Athletes: A Systematic Review.

There is evidence that functional training is beneficial for the overall physical fitness of athletes. However, there is a lack of a systematic review focused on the effects of functional training on athletes' physical fitness. Thus, the aimed of the present review is to clarify the effects of functional training on physical fitness among athletes. In accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyzes (PRISMA) Statement guidelines, the systematic search of PubMed, SCOPUS, EBSCOhost (SPORTDiscus), and CINAHL Plus databases was undertaken on the 2nd November 2020 to identify the reported studies, using a combination of keywords related to functional training, physical fitness, and athletes. From the 145 studies, only nine articles met all eligibility criteria and were included in the systematic review. The assessment was performed on the Pedro scale, and the quality of the study included in the nine studies was fair (ranging from 3 to 4). The results showed that speed (n = 6) was the aspect of physical fitness studied in functional training interventions, followed by muscular strength (n = 5), power (n = 4), balance (n = 3), body composition (n = 3), agility (n = 3), flexibility (n = 1) and muscular endurance (n = 1). Existing evidence concludes that functional training significantly impacts speed, muscular strength, power, balance, and agility. Furthermore, there are still limit numbers of evidence showing effect of functional training on flexibility and muscular endurance. In contrast, no significant improvement was found in body composition where functional training was conducted. Systematic Review Registration:https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero, identifier: CRD4202123092.

Effect of Brisk Walking on Health-Related Physical Fitness Balance and Life Satisfaction Among the Elderly: A Systematic Review.

BACKGROUND: Although the elderly frequently engages in brisk walking as a form of exercise, little has been reported in the literature about the effect of brisk walking on health-related physical fitness, balance, and overall life satisfaction. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this systematic review is to determine the effect of brisk walking on the elderly's health-related physical fitness, balance, and life satisfaction. DESIGN: We conducted a comprehensive search from the PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and SPORTDiscus databases from January to September 2021. We selected studies through PICOS and conducted a systematic literature review according to the PRISMA guidelines. RESULTS: Thirteen studies met all criteria; 11 were classed as low risk of bias, while two were classified as high risk of bias. Generally, brisk walking has been shown to improve cardiorespiratory fitness, muscular strength, and body composition. Limited evidence was presented on flexibility, muscular endurance and development and life satisfaction, and there was conflicting evidence on balance. Moreover, evidence of restriction proves that high-intensity (80-85%) brisk walking is more effective than moderate-intensity (60-75%) brisk walking on the aerobic capacity of the elderly. Furthermore, there was less research conducted on males. CONCLUSION: Brisk walking has been shown to improve cardiorespiratory fitness, muscular strength, and body composition. Other outcomes (balance, flexibility, muscular endurance, and life satisfaction) and the impact of the intensity of brisk walking on the elderly should be confirmed. Therefore, there remains insufficient research on brisk walking, while single brisk walking cannot meet requirements of elderly in terms of their health-related physical fitness, balance, and life satisfaction. Future research should aim to examine the effectiveness of combining several types of exercises to promote general health in the elderly, as the World Health Organization recommends. Unintelligible FITT (frequency, intensity, time, type) principles of brisk walking training should be trenched for the results of scientific and effective physical exercise.

Aerobic Exercise Combination Intervention to Improve Physical Performance Among the Elderly: A Systematic Review.

The benefits of aerobic exercise for the elderly are well-known. They extend beyond cardiovascular changes and can reduce the inactivity-induced loss of strength, mobility, balance, and endurance that are vital for the safe performance of daily activities in older adults. However, the benefits of combined aerobic exercise with other exercises such as strength/resistance, multi-component and aerobic exercise remain unknown. The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of combined aerobic exercise on physical performance among the elderly, as opposed to single aerobic exercise. We searched four databases of SCOPUS, PubMed, EBSCOhost, and CINAHL Plus to find 18 articles that met criteria. Data was extracted using PICOs extraction tool and summarized using a narrative synthesis approach. Studies have shown that aerobics combined resistance/strength training (CEX), multi-component training (ME), and dance combined training has positive and significant effects on the physical performance (upper body strength and lower body strength, dynamic balance, fall risk, mobility, gait, agility, flexibility) of the elderly. CEX had additional benefits compared to aerobic training (AER) and resistance/strength training (RES) in gait speed, lower limb strength, and trunk fat. Furthermore, CEX was more effective than AER in improving sitting and stretching, elbow flexion, knee flexion, shoulder flexion and stretching, strength and body fat, function reach test, 30-s chair standing test and 6-min walking test, self-evaluation of body function. Therefore, the combination of multiple components contributes to the overall improvement in physical fitness of the elderly, thus preventing them from losing balance and reducing susceptibility to injury. Clinical Trial Registration: [https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/#recordDetails], identifier [CRD42021213147].

Phenylethanoid glycosides from Paraboea martinii protect rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells from hydrogen peroxide-induced cell injury.

In this study, we isolated eight phenylethanoid glycosides from Paraboea martinii for the first time, and evaluated the mechanism underlying their neuroprotective effects against H2O2-induced injury in PC12 cells. The MTS method was utilized to screen the phenylethanoid glycosides for protective ability. Next, qRT-PCR and western blotting analysis were used to detect the transcription levels of HO-1 and GCLC, which are regulated by Nrf2. The inhibitor ZnPP was used to analyze the involvement of Nrf2 in HO-1 expression. Analyses showed that caleolarioside B, paraboside B, and paraboside II also upregulated the expression of HO-1, but showed no obvious effect on GCLC. Pretreatment with ZnPP significantly reduced the neuroprotective effects. Thus, phenylethanoid glycosides isolated from P. martinii protected PC12 cells from H2O2-induced damage by upregulating HO-1. The results provided evidence that P. martinii might be a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.

Integrin α7 high expression correlates with deteriorative tumor features and worse overall survival, and its knockdown inhibits cell proliferation and invasion but increases apoptosis in breast cancer.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to investigate the correlation of integrin α7 (ITGA7) expression with clinical/pathological characteristics and overall survival (OS), and its knockdown on inhibiting cell activities in breast cancer. METHODS: A total of 191 breast cancer patients underwent surgery were retrospectively reviewed, and ITGA7 expression in tumor tissues was determined by immunofluorescence and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Patients' clinical/pathological data were recorded, and OS was calculated. In vitro, control shRNA and ITGA7 shRNA plasmids were transfected into MCF7 cells to evaluate the influence of ITGA7 knockdown on cell proliferation, apoptosis, and invasion. RESULTS: Ninety-two (48.2%) patients presented with ITGA7 high expression, and 99 patients (51.8%) presented with ITGA7 low expression. ITGA7 expression was positively correlated with T stage, tumor-node metastasis (TNM) stage, and pathological grade. Kaplan-Meier curves showed that ITGA7 high expression was associated with shorter OS, and multivariate Cox's proportional hazards regression displayed that ITGA7 high expression was an independent predictive factor for poor OS. Moreover, in vitro experiments disclosed that cell proliferation (by Cell Counting Kit-8 assay) and cell invasion (by Matrigel invasion assay) were reduced, while cell apoptosis rate (by Annexin V/propidium iodide assay) was enhanced by ITGA7 knockdown in MCF-7 cells. CONCLUSION: Integrin α7 high expression correlates with increased T stage, TNM stage, and pathological grade as well as worse OS, and its knockdown enhances cell apoptosis but inhibits cell proliferation and invasion in breast cancer.

99mTc-labeled sodium phytate and stannous chloride injection accurately detects sentinel lymph node in axillary of early stage breast cancer: a randomized, controlled study.

AIM: The aim of this study was to assess the sentinel lymph node (SLN) detection rate and accuracy of 99mTc-labeled sodium phytate and stannous chloride (99mTc-PHY) injection versus 99mTc-labeled sulfur colloid (99mTc-SC) injection in sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) in patients with early stage breast cancer. METHODS: A total of 146 consecutive female patients with early stage breast cancer were recruited in this open-labeled, randomized, controlled study. SLNB was conducted on all patients, and 99mTc-PHY or 99mTc-SC was used as the radioactive agent (RA). Axillary lymph node dissections were performed in all patients post SLN dissections. RESULTS: The detection rate of 99mTc-PHY group was higher compared with that of 99mTc-SC group (p=0.023), but no difference in the detection rate by dye alone (p=0.190) or by RAs alone (p=0.615) was found between the two groups, and the number of identified SLNs (p=0.100), number of identified SLNs by dye alone (p=0.161), and number of identified SLNs by RA alone (p=0.242) were similar between the two groups. In addition, the sensitivity, specificity, false-negative rate, false-positive rate, and accuracy rate of SLNB showed no difference between 99mTc-PHY and 99mTc-SC groups (sensitivity: p=0.645; specificity: p=0.511; false-negative rate: p=0.645; false-positive rate: p=0.511; accuracy rate: p=0.464). CONCLUSION: Our study revealed that 99mTc-PHY was qualified to be a convincing radiopharmaceutical in SLNB.

Association analysis of ERCC5 gene polymorphisms with risk of breast cancer in Han women of northwest China.

BACKGROUND: ERCC5 plays an important role in DNA damage repair. Mutations in it will lead to DNA repair defects and genomic instability. Its functional single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) may alter DNA repair capacity and affect cancer susceptibility. METHODS: This study aims to evaluate the association between SNPs in ERCC5 and breast cancer susceptibility in Han women subjects genetically from northwest China. A total of 101 breast cancer patients and 101 healthy controls provided blood samples for analysis of ERCC5 rs17655 and rs751402 genotypes. RESULTS: After adjusting covariates, rs751402 homozygote AA and heterozygote AG were found to confer statistically significant protections (OR 0.052, 95% CI 0.006-0.411, P = 0.005; OR 0.145, 95% CI 0.067-0.315, P < 0.001, respectively) against breast cancer. Moreover, both of the dominant and recessive models of rs751402 also conferred a decreased risk of breast cancer (AA + AG vs. GG, OR 0.125, 95% CI 0.060-0.261, P < 0.001; AA vs. GG + AG, OR 0.082, 95% CI 0.010-0.648, P = 0.018, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that the rs751402 in ERCC5 may affect the risk of breast cancer and show that it is associated with breast cancer characteristics in the Han population of northwest China. However, we found no significant differences between breast cancer patients and control subjects regarding ERCC5 rs17655 polymorphism in the studied population.

[Analysis on the changing trend of mortality rate and spectrum regarding causes of death in the last recent 30 years in Hunan province].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the changing trend of mortality and the spectrum regarding causes of death in the population of Hunan, and to analyze the health-related major diseases. METHODS: With retrospective study method, a sample survey on causes of death and the related information was carried out from 2004 to 2005 among the residents in Hunan province. Results were compared with the data from a retrospective survey on causes of death in Hunan during 1973-1975 and 1990-1992, respectively. RESULTS: The crude mortality rates and the standardized mortality ratios (SMR) of the residents in Hunan were 901.59/100 000 and 865.14/100 000 during the period of 1973-1975 while 588.64/100 000 and 537.42/100 000 during the period of 1990-1992, and 608.27/100 000 and 413.67/100 000 during the period of 2004-2005, respectively. During the past 30 years, the SMR of the residents in Hunan decreased by 52.18% and the descending range from the rural areas was more than that of the urban areas, and higher in females than in males. The death proportion of infectious diseases, maternal and perinatal diseases, nutritional deficiencies decreased significantly (P<0.01), but the death proportion of chronic non-communicable diseases increased significantly (P<0.01). The changing ranges of the former two proportions were both larger in the rural areas than those in the urban areas. The highest proportions of deaths due to injury and poisoning during the past 30 years were both seen in the 5 year olds, followed by the age groups of 25 year olds (P<0.01). During the period of 2004-2005, the death proportion of all the infectious diseases, maternal/perinatal diseases and nutritional deficiencies was 8.01% altogether, and those of chronic non-communicable diseases, injury and poisoning were 80.66% and 11.33%, respectively. During the past 30 years, the SMR of the three kinds of diseases all significantly decreased, more significantly seen in infectious diseases, maternal and perinatal diseases, and nutritional deficiencies but less in chronic non-communicable diseases. Among the death cases of chronic non-communicable diseases, the SMR of cerebrovascular disease, malignant tumor, and heart disease showed an increasing tendency and the sequences of them had been advanced to the first, the second, and the fourth in the death ranking during the period of 2004-2005, respectively. CONCLUSION: The SMRs of the residents in the urban and rural areas from Hunan province showed a declining tendency. Cardiovascular, cerebrovascular diseases and malignant tumors had become the important diseases affecting the health of the people, while injury and poisoning had otherwise topped the causes of death among children and adolescents in Hunan province.