ABSTRACT
Sleep disorders are becoming increasingly common, and their distinct effects on physical and mental health require elaborate investigation. Gut dysbiosis (GD) has been reported in sleep-related disorders, but sleep apnoea is of particular significance because of its higher prevalence and chronicity. Cumulative evidence has suggested a link between sleep apnoea and GD. This review highlights the gut-brain communication axis that is mediated via commensal microbes and various microbiota-derived metabolites (e.g. short-chain fatty acids, lipopolysaccharide and trimethyl amine N-oxide), neurotransmitters (e.g. γ-aminobutyric acid, serotonin, glutamate and dopamine), immune cells and inflammatory mediators, as well as the vagus nerve and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. This review also discusses the pathological role underpinning GD and altered gut bacterial populations in sleep apnoea and its related comorbid conditions, particularly cognitive dysfunction. In addition, the review examines the preclinical and clinical evidence, which suggests that prebiotics and probiotics may potentially be beneficial in sleep apnoea and its comorbidities through restoration of eubiosis or gut microbial homeostasis that regulates neural, metabolic and immune responses, as well as physiological barrier integrity via the gut-brain axis.
ABSTRACT
A chronic auto-immune-mediated disease Psoriasis is associated with manycoexisting or co-occurringconditions, which include a significant risk of malignancies, especiallyskin tumours. Numerous studies were done to understand whether psoriasis itself, comorbidities related to psoriasis, or psoriasis treatment might increase the risk of neoplasms. We reviewed the relation between psoriasis and cancer risk, also the significance of inflammation in cancer The various classes of drugs used to treat psoriasis, including biologics like tumour necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors; and how they increase cancer risk are deliberated. Literature was collated for the past five years from the data bases like PubMed, Medline, Google Scholar, etc. Literatures discussing the skin cancer linked to psoriasis were reviewed. Possible mechanisms associated between inflammation and psoriasis; skin cancer was explained in the context of the several psoriasis medications that increase the likelihood of skin cancer. The risk of cancer in other cutaneous auto-inflammatory diseases is also elucidated. It is frequently observed that increased doses of PUVA therapy, immunosuppressive medications, and lifestyle changes alter the aetiology of the tumours. This review is conceptualized to shed the light on probable mechanisms involved in these connections as well as the chance of cancer in psoriasis patients.
